1990s National Geographic

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINES 1990 –1996

National Geographic - December 1996, Vol. 190, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: The Mongols
Genghis Khan: Lord of the Mongols (Revered founder of Mongolia, this ruthless 13th century warrior launched an empire that reached to Europe. Double Map Supplement: The Mongol Empire.)
Special Places: Simple Gifts of the Shenandoah (Ripples of history and fishing tales run through a river and its placid Virginia valley.)
Believing Las Vegas (Amid the neon dazzle, America’s fastest growing metro area is on a roll.)
Straight Up Ice Climbing (Armed with axes, crampons, and a touch of madness, climbers dare frozen waterfalls and Alpine glaciers.)
Reinventing Berlin (The Wall gone, the reunited city prepares to resume its historic role as Germany’s capital.)
Feather Star Crinoids: Flowers of the Coral Seas (Delicate as flowers, these tenacious sea animals provide shelter for myriad smaller creatures.)

GENGHIS KHAN, MONGOLIA; SHENANDOAH VALLEY, VIRGINIA; LAS VEGAS, NEVADA; ICE CLIMBING; BERLIN, GERMANY; and, FEATHER STAR CRINOIDS.

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National Geographic - November 1996, Vol. 190, No. 5

Orbit: The Astronaut’s View of Home (With handheld cameras and a childlike sense of awe, astronauts capture three decades of change on the face of the planet.)
Sir Joseph Banks: The Greening of the Empire (The 18th century English scholar and gentleman left a scientific legacy botanists still salute.)
Gibraltar: Britain’s Precarious Stronghold (Britain’s hold on this Mediterranean remnant of empire is as solid as the Rock itself, or is it?)
Realm of the Seamount (A submerged volcanic peak off British Columbia plays host to a diverse marine community.)
Colorado’s Front Range (Those wide-open spaces that lure newcomers to the east flank of the Rockies are shrinking fast.)
Portia Spider: Mistress of Deception (Invading another spider’s web, this fierce predator mimics the vibrations of a trapped insect to fool its prey.)
China: Rapid Descent: First Run Down the Shuiluo River (A plunging Chinese waterway rewards rafters with a taste for bare-bones adventure.)

ORBIT: ASTRONAUTS PHOTOGRAPHS; SIR JOSEPH BANKS; GIBRALTAR; BRITISH COLUMBIA SEAMOUNT; COLORADO’S FRONT RANGE; PORTIA SPIDERS; and, SHUILUO RIVER, CHINA.

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National Geographic - October 1996, Vol. 190, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Federal Lands
Sanctuary: National Wildlife Refuges (Sanctuaries for waterfowl and other species guard critical habitat against growing pressure. Double Map supplement: Federal Lands.)
Royal Gold of the Asante Empire (African Gold) (The regalia of an Asante king in Ghana dazzles his subjects at the lavish celebration of his 25-year reign.)
Storm Watch Over the Kuril Islands: Russia and Japan contest a wild island chain (Controlled by Russia, claimed by Japan, these storm-tossed islands straddle prized Pacific fishing grounds.)
China Tomb: China’s Terra-Cotta Warriors (China’s Warriors Rise From the Earth) (Near Xian, 8,000 life-size soldiers emerge from the mausoleum of china’s first emperor.)
Deep-Sea Life: Life Without Light (Mussels and tube worms thrive on bacteria nourished by gas and oil seeps deep in the Gulf of Mexico.)
Morocco: North Africa’s Timeless Mosaic (The storied North African kingdom faces harsh realities of poverty, unemployment, and overpopulation.)
Baffin Island Trek (In a six-month odyssey a team of adventurer takes on Canada’s largest island.)

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES; GHANA GOLD; KURIL ISLANDS; CHINA’S TERRA-COTTA WARRIORS; GULF OF MEXICO DEEP-SEA LIFE; MOROCCO; and, BAFFIN ISLAND, CANADA.

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National Geographic - September1996, Vol. 190, No. 3

Scotland: Plaid to the Bone (This rugged northern reach of Britain remains a world apart, a land of windswept lochs and heather hills, a people of industriousness and idiosyncrasy.)
Gaza: Where Peace Walks a Tightrope (Palestinians in the 140-square-mile arid strip along the Mediterranean Sea cling to their dream of building a new state.)
Searching for the Scythians (Legendary horsemen who swept across the European steppe in the seventh century B.C. left clues to their culture in finely wrought gold.)
A Special Place: Hawk High Over Four Corners (Where four states meet in the Southwest, nature spreads a splendid panorama.)
Tarantulas: Earth Tigers and Bird Spiders (Huge, hairy, and horrific, tarantulas are also delicate, timid, and mostly harmless.)
The Essential Element of Fire (More friend than foe to many ecosystems, fire helps keep the planet in balance.)

SCOTLAND; PALESTINIAN GAZA; SCYTHIANS; SOUTHWEST U.S. FOUR CORNERS; TARANTULAS; and, FIRE.

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National Geographic - August 1996, Vol. 190, No. 2

Mexico: A Special Issue
Emerging Mexico, Introduction: Bright with Promise, Tangled in the Past
Mexico City: Pushing the Limits
Sierra Madre: Backbone of the Frontier
Monterrey: Confronting the Future
Veracruz: Gateway to the World
Heartland and the Pacific: Eternal Mexico
Tijuana and the Border: Magnet of Opportunity
Yucatan Peninsula: Maya Heart, Modern Face
Chiapas: Rough Road to Reality

MEXICO

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National Geographic - July 1996, Vol. 190, No. 1

A Place for Parks in the New South Africa (Conservationists in South Africa hope to preserve a balance between the nation’s magnificent wildlife and a rapidly expanding human population desperate for land.)
Let the Olympic Games Begin (What drives us to play? A look at sports on the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympics.)
Dinosaurs of the Gobi: Unearthing a Fossil Trove (Buried by desert sandstorms 80 million years ago, wondrous creatures reveal themselves in well-preserved fossils of parents and nestlings.)
Gleaning Treasure from the Silver Bank (Submerged since 1641, a hoard of gold, silver, and jewelry from the Spanish galleon Concepcion comes to light off the Dominican Republic.)
Syria Behind the Mask (A key to Middle East peace, this arid nation – no longer under Soviet sway – has begun to loosen its grip on the economic and political activities of its people.)

SOUTH AFRICA PARKS; OLYMPICS 100TH ANNIVERSARY; GOBI DESERT DINOSAURS; SPANISH GALLEON CONCEPCION; and, SYRIA.

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National Geographic - June 1996, Vol. 189, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Ontario
The Uneasy Magic of Australia’s Cape York Peninsula (Aborigines assert their claim to the harsh and beautiful northern tip of Australia.)
Australia’s Saltwater Crocodiles (The once besieged “salties” of the northern Australian coast are on the rebound.)
In Focus: Bosnia ( Maps help chart the history of Europe’s bloodiest conflict since World War II.)
Mummies: Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the secrets (Frozen in time, 500-year old mummies promise fresh understanding of the Inca Empire.)
Eritrea Wins the Peace (A new nation faces daunting challenges after a 30-year war for independence.)
Africa’s Dinosaur Castaways (In the Sahara a predator as large as Tyrannosaurus rex emerges from the sand.)
Toronto (Canada’s supercity has become a multicultural center of business, arts, and pleasant living.)

CAPE YORK PENINSULA, AUSTRALIA; AUSTRALIA’S SALTWATER CROCODILES; BOSNIA; PERU’S INCA EMPIRE ICE MAIDEN MUMMIES; ERITREA; SAHARA DINOSAUR; and, TORONTO, CANADA.

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National Geographic - May 1996, Vol. 189, No. 5

Peru Begins Again (Bankrupt and beset by terrorists in 1990, Peru today enjoys a new sense of national spirit.)
EXploring Antarctic Ice (Scientists probing the continent’s winter skirt of sea ice find clues to global climate.)
California Desert Lands: A Tribute to Sublime Desolation (California Desert Protection Act: Death Valley & Joshua Tree elevated from National Monuments to become National Parks; and, Mojave National Preserve created.) (Powdery dunes, Joshua tree forests, and searing rockscapes are now under federal protection.)
Monaco (Tax haven and playground of Europe’s ultrarich, this tiny Mediterranean principality embodies luxury and privilege.)
The Great Dinosaur Egg Hunt (Scientists hit paydirt in their search for insights into the family life of dinosaurs.)
David Thompson: The Man Who Measured Canada (Fur trader and naturalist, this unheralded explorer discovered the headwaters of the Columbia River, and mapped the heart of Canada.)

PERU; ANTARCTIC ICE; CALIFORNIA DESERT PROTECTION ACT; MONACO; DINOSAUR EGGS; and, EXPLORER DAVID THOMPSON.

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National Geographic - April 1996, Vol. 189, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Jerusalem
The Three Faces of Jerusalem (Holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, this storied city struggles to balance religion, politics, and power.)
Storming the Tower (Using hands, feet, and nerve, four Wyoming cowboys scale 3,000-foot Trango Tower in the Himalaya.)
Pilgrimage to China’s Buddhist Caves (Centuries-old images of devotion grace caverns along China’s Silk Road)
A Passion for Trout (The quest for these denizens of cold clear water is more than sport: It’s a way of life.)
Anasazi: The Old Ones of the Southwest (As archaeologists penetrate the mysteries of the ancient Anasazi, new questions arise.)
NGS Committee for Research and EXploration: Understanding Our World (Projects funded by the Committee for Research and EXploration enrich and enthrall.)
The Aran Islands: Ancient Hearts, Modern Minds (Some 1,400 Gaelic speakers hold down a fortress of tradition off the west coast of Ireland.)

JERUSALEM: JEWS, CHRISTIANS, and, MOSLEMS; TRANGO TOWER, HIMALAYA; CHINA’ SILK ROAD BUDDHIST CAVES; TROUT; ANASAZI; and, ARAN ISLANDS.

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National Geographic - March 1996, Vol. 189, No. 3

Xinjiang (Horsemen become farmers and deserts sprout oil wells as China resettles and develops its wild west.)
The Silk Road’s Lost World: Mummies (Mummies with Caucasian features recall a culture that thrived in Xinjiang 3,000 years ago.)
Emperor Penguins (Embracing the coldest climate on earth, these avian royals reproduce during the Antarctic winter.)
Heart of the Hudson River (A spirited sense of community is reinvigorating New York’s historic river valley region.)
The Dawn of Humans: Face-to-Face with Lucy’s Family, by Donald C. Johanson, Photographs by Enrico Ferorelli, Art by John Gurche (New fossils from Ethiopia help flesh out the oldest skeleton in our ancestral closet.)
Macedonia: Caught in the Middle (Independence came in 1991 to the onetime Yugoslav republic, but national unity remains elusive.)

XINJIANG, CHINA; SILK ROAD MUMMIES; EMPEROR PENGUINS; NEW YORK’S HUDSON RIVER VALLEY; LUCY’S FAMILY, ETHIOPIA; and, MACEDONIA.

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National Geographic - February 1996, Vol. 189, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Indonesia
Irian Jaya: Indonesia’s Wild Side (Former warriors and headhunters make peace with modern times as Indonesia develops its largest and wildest frontier.)
Irian Jaya’s People of the Trees (Korowai live as their Stone Age ancestors did – in homes high in the rain forest.)
Tex-Mex Border (Two cultures twine along the 1,250-miles Rio Grande borderland, nearly a country unto itself.)
Into the Heart of Glaciers (With skill of divers and climbers, daring cavers explore labyrinths in the ice.)
The Many Faces of Thailand (Gentleness is a given inn a proud Buddhist nation that has turned itself into an economic tiger of the Pacific Rim.)
Our Polluted Runoff: Widespread as Rain and Deadly as Poison (Stealthily it makes its way into our freshwater supplies, but hidden pollution can be controlled.)
In Focus: The Fractured Caucasus (Maps chart the beleaguered borders and ethnic diversity of this mountainous region.)

IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA; KOROWAI; RIO GRANDE BORDERLAND, TEX-MEX BORDER, TEXAS-MEXICO; GLACIERS; THAILAND; POLLUTION; and, CAUCASUS.

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National Geographic - January 1996, Vol. 189, No. 1

The Dawn of Humans: Neandertals (Archaeology proves these ancient humans to be intelligent hunters and compassionate beings.)
Requiem for the Edmund Fitzgerald (High-tech dives in Lake Superior retrieve a ship’s bell, and memories of a lost crew.)
Utah (As it celebrates its centennial, Utah still promises wide spaces and family-centered living.)
Arctic Ocean Traverse (Dispatches From the Arctic Ocean) (An international team completes a perilous transoceanic crossing via the North Pole.)
Feast of the Tarpon (Clouds of baitfish schooling in the Caribbean attract these voracious predators.)
Under Our Skin: Hot Theories on the Center of the Earth (Churning heat at earth’s center drives our dynamic planet and sparks debate among scientists.)
Puffins (Inquisitive and social, these beguiling seabirds are well adapted to the harsh North Atlantic.)

NEANDERTALS; THE EDMUND FITZGERALD; UTAH; ARCTIC OCEAN TRAVERSE; EARTH’S CENTER; and, PUFFINS.

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National Geographic - December 1995, Vol. 188, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Orion / The Heavens
The Timeless Vision of Teotihuacan (New finds among the ruins are putting a human face on the great metropolis of ancient Mexico.)
Manta! (Devilish horns and a fearsome 20-foot wingspan belie the gentle nature of the giant ray.)
New Face for a Desert Mission (Preservation efforts restore the baroque glow of Arizona’s San Xavier Mission.)
A Farming Revolution: Sustainable Agriculture (As sustainable agriculture takes root across the land, farmers large and small celebrate strong yields.)
Orion: Where Stars Are Born (The Hubble Space Telescope grants a fresh look at clouds of gas and dust forming around young stars – perhaps the start of solar systems.)
Jane Goodall: Crusading for Chimps and Humans… (Her decades of study show that chimps in the wild are startlingly like us. Today the pioneer primatologist travels the glove to speak up for their captive and orphaned kin.)

TEOTIHUACAN, ANCIENT MEXICO; GIANT MANTA RAYS; ARIZONA’S SAN XAVIER MISSION; FARMING REVOLUTION; HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE: ORION; and, JANE GOODALL.

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National Geographic - November 1995, Vol. 188, No. 5

Diminishing Returns: EXploiting the Ocean’s Bounty (World fisheries are in turmoil. Fish stocks decline, nations fight over fishing grounds, and commercial fleets and subsistence fishermen must work harder than ever.)
Tsukiji: The Great Tokyo Fish Market (The world’s largest fish emporium sells seafood from around the globe.)
The Realm of the Elusive Sperm Whales (Living as long as 70 years, these storied marine mammals form extended family units and like to socialize.)
The Basques: Europe’s First Family (Along the French-Spanish border the oldest ethnic group in Europe preserves its unique language and traditions.)
In Praise of Squirrels (Agile and quick-witted, the eastern gray squirrel bounds through our backyards…and our lives.)
The Style and Substance of Oxford (Quintessentially English, the 800-year-old university and its even older town shed some of their most beloved eccentricities.)

FISH: DIMINISHING RETURNS; TOKYO FISH MARKET; SPERM WHALES; THE BASQUES; SQUIRRELS; and, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND.

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National Geographic - October 1995, Vol. 188, No. 4

Information Revolution (From the global computer networks to interactive TV, electronic advances are redefining communications… and our sense of community.)
Saving Britain’s Shore (Celebrating a century of conservation, the National Trust vigilantly safeguards the coast.)
The Mountain Gorillas of Africa: A Fragile Home Threatened by War (Rwanda’s civil war made a killing field of their last refuge. Miraculously – amid horrific loss of human life – the gentle apes have survived.)
Cuatro Cienegas: Mexico’s Desert Aquarium (Springwaters at Cuatro Cienegas create a rare desert wetland for plants, fish, and reptiles.)
Geisha (Tribute to art and beauty, the geisha still creates illusions for her pampered patrons even as her profession ebbs.)
The Two Worlds of Fiji (At a South Pacific crossroads, native Fijians and ethnic Indians struggle for racial harmony.)

INFORMATION REVOLUTION; BRITAIN’S NATIONAL TRUST; GORILLAS; CUATRO CIENEGAS, MEXICO’S DESERT AQUARIUM; GEISHA; and, FIJI.

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National Geographic - September 1995, Vol. 188, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Hawaii
On the Brink: Hawaii’s Vanishing Species (Evolving in isolation over thousands of years, the unique birds, plants, and insects of Hawaii are threatened by introduced species.)
The Dawn of Humans: The Farthest Horizon, by Meave Leakey, Photographs by Kenneth Garrett, Art by John Gurche (EXploration in East Africa reveals apelike creatures that walked upright four million years ago.)
Essence of Provence (Warm light, soft fragrances, and rich cuisine grace this seductive corner of southern France.)
Huautla Cave Quest: Trial and Tragedy a Mile Beneath Mexico (A daring bid to establish a Mexican cave as earth’s deepest breaks new ground.)
The Giant Cuttlefish: Chameleon of the Reef (Off southern Australia, great cephalopods dazzle with iridescent color changes and amazing intelligence.)
El Salvador Learns To Live With Peace (A 12-year civil war has ended, and Salvadorans struggle to pull their country into a new era of peace.)

HAWAII; DAWN OF HUMANS, by Meave LEAKEY; PROVENCE, FRANCE; HUAUTLA CAVE, MEXICO; GIANT CUTTLEFISH, AUSTRALIA; and, EL SALVADOR.

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National Geographic - August 1995, Vol. 188, No. 2

Sicily: Italy Apart (Long dismissed as country cousins by mainland Italians, Sicilians are demanding change and crying “Basta! – Enough!” to corrupt politicians and the Mafia.)
Saving North America’s Beleaguered Bats (To save these benign, insect-eating mammals, conservationists create sanctuaries in mines and caves.)
Reel to Real (Do any of our photographers resemble the hero of The Bridges of Madison County? The men and women who shoot for the Geographic separate fact from fiction.)
Hiroshima: Up From Ground Zero (After 50 years ground zero is alive with heavy industry and cosmopolitan shopping malls – and with memories of those who perished in the world’s first atomic bombing.)
The African Roots of Voodoo (Millions of devotees on the coast of Ghana and Togo look to animist deities for guidance.)
Bowhead Whales: Leviathans of Icy Seas (Decimated by centuries of commercial hunting, 8,000 bowheads swim in northern waters. Their comeback off Alaska allows Eskimos to maintain a traditional hunt for food.)

SICILY, ITALY; NORTH AMERICAN BATS; THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY; HIROSHIMA, JAPAN; AFRICAN VOODOO; and, BOWHEAD WHALES.

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National Geographic - July 1995, Vol. 188, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Heart of the Rockies
Ndoki: Last Place on Earth (In Africa’s Congo Basin, elephants, gorillas, and leopards roam the steamy tropical forest, and chimpanzees approach humans without fear. Now a 1,500-square-mile park protects this wildest wilderness.)
Rocky Times for Banff (Canada’s most popular national park wrestles with how to accommodate millions of visitors each year while hoarding the grandeur of the Rockies.)
Burma, The Richest of Poor Countries (Rigid military rule hinders the development of Burma’s plentiful resources and keeps her people among the poorest in the world. In remote border regions insurgent groups have armies of their own.)
Leafcutters: Gardeners of the Ant World (Stripping away vegetation in the New World tropics, leafcutter ants turn fresh leaves into mulch for their underground fungus gardens. Serious pests for farmers and ranchers, they benefit grasslands and forests by aerating the soil.)
Kobe Wakes to a Nightmare (Victims of last January’s quake, Japan’s worst disaster since World War II, cope by summoning the ancient samurai trait of gaman, or inner strength.)

NDOKI, AFRICA CONGO BASIN; BANFF NATIONAL PARK, CANADA; BURMA; LEAFCUTTER ANTS; and, KOBE, JAPAN.

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National Geographic - June 1995, Vol. 187, No. 6

Quiet Miracles of The Brain (Billions of cells in this fragile organ regulate our bodies, emotions, and memories. New research reveals the brain’s flexibility and leads to ingenious treatments for age-old disorders. Still, the matter that makes us human remains full of mystery.)
The Fragile Recovery of California Sea Otters (Nearly wiped out by 19th century fur hunters, these appealing mammals are reclaiming their coastal range. But feasting on urchins and abalone, they rile local fishermen.)
Israel’s Galilee: Living in the Shadow of Peace (As Israel and its Arab neighbors seek a lasting peace, this northern region – home to 450,000 Arabs, the largest concentration in Israel – has become a testing ground for relations between the state and its non-Jewish citizens.)
Satellite Revelations: New Views of the Holy Land (Breathtaking bird’s-eye pictures are generated by computer when high-resolution satellite images are merged with a topographic database.)
Living a Dream on the Islands of Puget Sound (Playground of orcas, eagles, and other free spirits, the islands of northwestern Washington are awash with newcomers. As resources decline, some longtime residents question the limits of hospitality.)

THE BRAIN; CALIFORNIA SEA OTTERS; ISRAEL’S GALILEE; SATELLITE IMAGES OF THE HOLY LAND; and, PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON.

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National Geographic - May 1995, Vol. 187, No. 5

The Vimy Flies Again: Reliving the first aerial voyage from England to Australia (Despite violent storms and engine failure, the author and his crew fly 11,000 miles in an open-cockpit biplane to retrace the 1919 route of the first England-to-Australia flight.)
Wild Mating of the Nurse Sharks (EXploration of a shark breeding ground in the subtropical waters off the Florida Keys gives new insights into the mating behavior of these fearsome-looking but usually benign reef dwellers.)
Blueprints for Victory (Fifty years ago U.S. Presidents relied on National Geographic maps as they planned strategy, debriefed commanders, and negotiated treaties during World War II.)
The Cherokee: Two Nations, One People (Divided in the 1830s, most of the Cherokee were forced to travel the Trail of Tears – from their southeastern homeland to Oklahoma. Today eastern and western Cherokee celebrate a common heritage.)
Poison-Dart Frogs: Lurid and Lethal (Tiny, neon-bright frogs trill their courtship songs throughout much of tropical Latin America. But watch out: Touch one and you might be dead.)
Oman (Land of camel races and car phones, the oil-rich Sultanate of Oman guards its traditions while welcoming upper-crust tourism and economic development.)

VIVY BIPLANE FLIES AGAIN; NURSE SHARKS; NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS IN WORLD WAR II; THE CHEROKEE; POISON FROGS; and, OMAN.

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National Geographic - April 1995, Vol. 187, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Earthquakes
Living with California’s Faults (The 1994 Northridge earthquake sent seismologists scrambling. Prediction: more frequent and damaging quakes. A supplement explains the West Coast’s geologic tensions.)
Koalas, Out on a Limb (The fur is flying in a debate over the future of Australia’s beloved mascots, increasingly threatened by cars and dogs, and the leveling of their favored eucalyptus trees.)
The New Saigon (Once crippled by war, a reinvented Ho Chi Minh City bustles as the hub of southern Vietnam, where entrepreneurs and returning expatriates inject cash and capitalist dreams.)
The Brindisi Bronzes: Classical Castoffs Reclaimed From The Sea (A trove of classical sculptures – heads, torsos, and limbs – recovered from the sea off eastern Italy may offer the first evidence of ancient scrap-metal recycling.)
Mountain Goats: On the Edge of Earth and Sky (A hundred thousand years ago their ancestors sought refuge in the treacherous heights. Now these nimble cliff-hangers are undisputed lords of the ledge.)
Earth Day: 25 Years Old (Nationwide street demonstrations in 1970 helped turn Americans “green.” Here are seven of the dedicated millions whose commitment is bearing fruit.)

earthquakes; California; koalas; Saigon, Vietnam; Brindisi bronzes; mountain goats; Earth Day.

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National Geographic - March 1995, Vol. 187, No. 3

Dead or Alive: The Endangered Species Act (A controversial U.S. law that protects dwindling plant and animal species comes up for reauthorization this year. Good intentions have run wild at the expense of jobs and property rights, say critics of the act.)
Bombay: India’s Capital of Hope (Fueled by free-market reforms, Bombay has emerged as the economic engine driving India into the 21st century. Yet overflowing slums and religious tensions pose challenges to prosperity.)
Chile’s Chinchorro Mummies: Unearthed After 7,000 Years (Unearthed from the sands of northern Chile, intact burials from 7,000 years ago reveal secrets of a lost culture, including the world’s earliest method of mummification.)
Journey to Aldabra (In the western Indian Ocean, four small coral islands, virtually uninhabited outposts of the Republic of Seychelles, teem with frigatebirds, giant tortoises, and a glorious parade of marine life.)
North Carolina’s Piedmont: On a Fast Break (The red-clay realm of the North Carolina Piedmont nurtures make-do folks devoted to their churches and their race-car heroes, and proud of their booming cities.)

the Endangered Species Act; Bombay, India; Chinchorro mummies of Chile; Aldabra, Seychelles; Piedmont, North Carolina.

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National Geographic - February 1995, Vol. 187, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Italy
The Amazon: South America’s River Road (This free-flowing behemoth provides transport, larder, riches, and resort for a kaleidoscope of humanity as it carries a sixth of the world’s running water some 4,000 miles.)
Remote World of the Harpy Eagle (In the shrinking realm of New World rain forests, earth’s most powerful raptors need protected habitat to beat the challenge of the chain saw.)
Maya Masterpiece Revealed at Bonampak (Warriors clash, captives cringe, and royals triumph in extraordinary murals from Bonampak, Mexico, brought vividly back to life with the aid of computer wizardry.)
Venice: More Than a Dream (A city for the ages preserves its small-town intimacy and artistic glory against a flood of tourists. A double-sided supplement traces Italy’s emergence as a nation.)
Growing Up Wild: New Hope for China’s Giant Pandas (A baby panda, featured in the February 1993 issue, and other newborns thrive in their reserve, while China endeavors to halt poaching and limit encroachment.)
Grand Teton (Development expands on adjacent ranchland, and more and more visitors surge into this splendid national park. Can Grand Teton stay grand forever?)

AMAZON RIVER; HARPY EAGLE; MAYA MASTERPIECE, BONAMPAK, MEXICO; VENICE, ITALY; CHINA’S GIANT PANDAS; and, GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK.

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National Geographic - January 1995, Vol. 187, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: The Nile
Age of Pyramids: Egypt’s Old Kingdom (New discoveries shed light on daily life in the age of the pyramid builders, when the task of serving the pharaohs, even after death, unified the land. A double map supplement reveals Nile Valley antiquities.)
Close Encounters With the Gray Reef Shark (Using body language to signal attack, the gray reef shark is one of the fiercest of its kind. Flotillas of these sharks patrol Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, once the site of U.S. atomic bomb tests.)
Wildflowers of Western Australia (Land of kangaroo and koala, Australia also holds botanical treasures: the pink pigfaces, plume smokebushes, and 12,000 other wildflower species that paint the west in glorious bursts of color.)
New Orleans: Upbeat, Downbeat, Offbeat (Creole cooking, jazz rhythms, and the traditions of a storied past help override fears of drug crime and casino gambling. The soul of the Big Easy remains irrepressible.)
Perilous Journey: Three Years across the Arctic (By kayak, dogsled, and on foot, a young Spaniard and his friends test the limits of survival as they traverse 8,400 harsh Arctic miles from Greenland to Alaska.)

the Nile; Egypt; gray reef sharks; wildflowers; New Orleans; the Arctic.

Price: $4.50 - EX (map included)

Price: $4.00 - VG (map included)

National Geographic - December 1994, Vol. 186, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Prairie Provinces
Animals at Play (tickling and wrestling, toying with sticks and tires, animals young and old play together and by themselves. Such behavior appears crucial to normal development. Could it also be just pure fun?)
Canada’s Highway of Steel (The rails that stitched a nation together still haul its grain and keep its commercial heart beating. A double supplement map focuses on the Prairie Provinces.)
The Wreck of the C.S.S. Alabama: Avenging Angel of the Confederacy (The Confederate raider Alabama seized or burned 64 United States merchantmen before succumbing to a Union warship off France in 1864. Now a U.S.-French salvage team pieces together her story.)
Buenos Aires: Making up for lost time (Birthplace of the tango, Argentina’s largest city counts 11 million people, a third of the nation. Recovering from economic missteps, they dance to the healthy beat of free enterprise.)
America’s Poet: Walt Whitman (Celebrating the ordinary and the exalted, the sacred and the sensual, this beloved 19th century individualist still stands as an unabashed prophet of joy.)

animal play; Canadian railroad; the the C.S.S. Alabama (Confederate ship); Buenos Aires, Argentina; Walt Whitman.

Price: $5.00 - EX (map IS included)

Price: $5.00 - EX (map is included)

Price: $3.00 - VG (map is NOT included)

National Geographic - November 1994, Vol. 186, No. 5

When the Greeks Went West (Nearly 3,000 years ago, Greek settlers crossed the sea to colonize southern Italy and Sicily. The ruins of their cities proclaim a golden realm that, for a time, outshone Athens itself.)
The Song of Oaxaca (In the remote villages of Mexico’s most ethnically diverse state, peasant farmers cling to ancient traditions as well as age-old feuds. Music exerts the power to bring the people together.)
Buffalo: Back Home on the Range (All but wiped out a century ago, the American bison is winning the West as others discover what the Plains Indians have long known: The powerful animals are ideally adapted to the region.)
Madeira Toasts the Future (The pace of life quickens on these lush islands of Portugal, whose membership in the European Union raises hope of new prosperity yet threatens traditional livelihoods.)
Rebirth of a Deep-sea Vent (Descending to the Pacific seafloor, scientists have for the first time observed a volcanic eruption and its aftermath: the creation of living colonies of stranger-than-fiction organisms.)

GREECE; OAXACA, MEXICO; BUFFALO-AMERICAN BISON; MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL; and, PACIFIC SEAFLOOR DEEP-SEA VENT.

Price: $4.50 - EX

Price: $3.50 - VG

National Geographic - October 1994, Vol. 186, No. 4

Our National Parks (How well are we guarding these special places? A comprehensive report on a threatened heritage.)
The Hanseatic League: Europe’s First Common Market (Banding together in the Middle Age, German merchants wrested power from feudal lords, and helped give rise to a middle class. The spirit of their far-flung enterprise inspires newly free nations.)
Siberian Mummy Unearthed (Locked in an icy burial chamber beneath the Siberian steppes for 2,400 years, a Pazyryk gentlewoman comes to light along with possessions chosen for eternity.)
The St. Lawrence: River and Sea (Highway of trade and summer sailors, the St. Lawrence sweeps from Lake Ontario to the wide arms of the Atlantic, where Great Lakes cargo ships give way to whitecaps and whales.)
The Improbable Seahorse (Sought after live as aquarium specimens and dead as aphrodisiacs, these odd fishes found in coastal waters worldwide face growing pressure from habitat destruction.)

OUR NATIONAL PARKS; MIDDLE AGES HANSEATIC LEAGUE; SIBERIAN MUMMY; ST. LAWRENCE; and, SEAHORSE.

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Price: $3.25 - VG

Price: $3.00 - VG/G

National Geographic - September 1994, Vol. 186, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Mexico
Ireland on Fast-forward (On emerald pastures, livestock grazes in the shadow of factories. Manufacturing now surpasses farming in the island nation, where hopes for the future crowd out dreams of romantic past. )
The Sonoran Desert: Anything but Empty (This parched realm of cactuses and pronghorns that straddles California, Arizona, and Mexico faces increasing development. A double map supplement highlights Mexico’s’ cultural heritage.)
Inner Japan (Serenity lingers in the villages and lush valleys of Japan’s western slope, where rice farmers and artisans honor the nation’s ideals of family, tradition, simplicity.)
Crimea: Pearl of a Fallen Empire (Resort for tsars and commissars and headquarters of the Soviets’ Black Sea Fleet, the historic peninsula is the prize in today’s tug-or-war between Russia and Ukraine.)
Fantasy Coffins of Ghana: To Heaven by Land, Sea, or Air (With a new funerary tradition – brightly painted coffins shaped like animals, airplanes, and luxury autos – Ghanaians honor the dead and celebrate their lives.)

Ireland; Sonoran desert; Japan; Crimea, Ghana coffins.

Price: $5.50 - MINT IN ORIGINAL MAILING WRAPPER (MAP INCLUDED)

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Price: $3.00 - VG (map NOT included)

National Geographic - August 1994, Vol. 186, No. 2

England’s Lake District: Beauty Besieged (Wordsworth called it “a blended holiness of earth and sky.” Today this poetic rolling landscape receives 12 million visitors each year – and feels the strain.)
Lions of Darkness (Stalking the grasslands of northern Botswana under cover of night, prides of lions bring down large prey – Cape buffalo, young elephants, and even hippos.)
Students with a Mission: NASA Puts the “Can Do” Project in Orbit (When NASA’s shuttle Endeavour headed skyward last summer, spirits soared at South Carolina schools that sent, and got back, a payload of student experiments.)
Pollution in the Former U.S.S.R.: Lethal Legacy (Soviet Pollution) (In pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the Soviet empire left a foul legacy of dying forest, filthy waterways, and disfigured children across its vast territory.)
Chornobyl (Chernobyl) (At the site of the world’s worst nuclear accident, two surviving reactors continue to produce electric power for an energy-poor, and fearful, Ukraine.)
Australia’s Box Jellyfish: A Killer Down Under (Deadly Jellyfish of Australia) (Camouflaged by murky waters, the delicate box jellyfish packs a lethal punch: Venom from its tentacles can kill a human in four excruciatingly painful minutes.)

ENGLAND’S LAKE DISTRICT; BOTSWANA LIONS; NASA SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR; SOVIET POLLUTION; CHORNOBYL; and, AUSTRALIA’S DEADLY JELLYFISH.

Price: $3.50 - EX

Price: $3.00 - VG

National Geographic - July 1994, Vol. 186, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Megalopolis
Boston, Breaking New Ground (From its massive harbor tunnel project to its first Italian mayor, this historic city is reshaping itself. A double map supplement highlights the Boston to Washington, D. C. megalopolis.)
The Tale of the San Diego: An Account of Adventure, Deceit, and Intrigue (In 1600 the Spanish galleon San Diego sank while battling a Dutch ship 20 miles off Manila Bay. This archaeological time capsule of Spanish life in Asia has revealed some unexpected finds.)
Viruses (Microscopic bundles of genes, viruses stunt tomatoes, drive dogs mad with rabies, and cause human woes from common colds to killer flus to AIDS. Scientists race to identify the newest threats.)
Recycling (Not since World War II have Americans been so aware of wasting things. Cans and bottles, paint, tires, and motor oil, it makes economic and environmental sense to use them again.)
Alone with the Northern Goshawk (Fierce raptors, dutiful parents, squabbling chicks – intimate scenes of the hawks’ daily life are observed from a tree blind, as their nesting grounds in the West fall prey to logging.)

Boston; the San Diego (Spanish galleon); viruses; recycling; the northern goshawks. map: Megalopolis (Boston to New York)

Price: $4.50 - EX (map included)

Price: $4.00 - EX/VG (map included)

Price: $3.00 - VG (map NOT included)

National Geographic - June 1994, Vol. 185, No. 6

Beluga: White Whale of the North (Small, social, and wary of polar bears, the beluga uses an array of clicks and whistles to chart its path through Arctic ice. Researchers are seeking its migration routes.)
Central Pennsylvania: My Home Place (In the Allegheny heartland, a native son returns home to the small towns, farms, and football fields of his youth. The train whistles have faded, but the integrity and self-reliance have not.)
Cotton: King of Fibers (Spun into cloth for centuries, cotton’s durable strands now knit everything from coffee filters to adhesive tape. Its seeds and short fibers yield soap, cooking oil, dollar bills, and a base for dynamite.)
Powwow: A Gathering of Tribes (“We sing to victory. We are still here.” Native Americans honor friends and family and celebrate their heritage in dazzling festivals of color and motion.)
A Russian Voyage: From the White to the Black Sea (Sailing from the White to the Black Sea, an Irish explorer and his crew find abandoned prison camps, flooded villages, polluted waters, and a people’s unceasing faith in the mighty Volga River.)

beluga whales; central Pennsylvania; cotton; Native American powwow; Russian voyage.

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Price: $3.50 - VG

National Geographic - May 1994, Vol. 185, No. 5

Double Map Supplement: Alaska
Turkey Struggles for Balance (At the crossroads of Asia and Europe, this progressive Muslim nation strives to carve out a major role in a diverse region beset by post-Cold War turmoil.)
English Channel Tunnel: The Light at the End of the Chunnel (Joining England and France in a marriage of convenience, the 31-mil-long “Chunnel” opens this month – and may shrink la difference between historic squabblers.)
Rice, the Essential Harvest (Symbol of life, wealth, and fertility from ancient times, rice even today sustains half the world. Now scientists hope to reinvent the grain to wrest more food from less land.)
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park: Alaska’s Sky-high Wilderness (Only a handful of homesteaders, prospectors, hunters, and visitors tackle the unforgiving terrain of our largest national park. With a double map supplement of Alaska.)
Out of the Darkness: Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” (After years of painstaking restoration, the master’s fresco above the Sistine Chapel altar is reborn in an explosion of color – an enduring testament to genius and devotion.)
The Fading Call of the Siberian Crane (Imperiled by hunting and habitat loss, these majestic birds soar miles high to wintering grounds in Iran, India, and China. Will the fight to save them succeed?)

Turkey; the English Channel tunnel; rice; Wrangell-St. Elias, Alaska; Michelangelo's "Last Judgment"; siberian cranes. Includes map: Alaska.

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Price: $4.00 - VG (map included)

Price: $2.50 - map alone (2 available)

National Geographic - April 1994, Vol. 185, No. 4

The Everglades: Dying for Help (The vast saw grass wilderness on Florida’s southern tip has endured fire, drought, and hurricane – and revived. But can Everglades National Park survive the continuing diversion of its freshwater?)
Kamchatka: Russian’s Land of Fire and Ice (Nine time zones east of Moscow, this peninsula of fire and ice reels from economic upheaval. Entrepreneurs hope fisheries and adventure tourism will bring hard cash and a niche among Pacific Rim markets.)
Riddle of the Lusitania (Torpedoed by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, the British luxury liner Lusitania sank in 18 minutes, claiming 1,200 lives. Nearly 300 feet down in the Atlantic, scientists investigate the tragedy.)
John Wesley Powell: Vision for the West (Renowned for his pioneering voyage through the Grand Canyon, the one-armed explorer also made lasting contributions to geography and voiced visionary warnings about development in the West.)
Chile’s Uncharted Cordillera Sarmiento (Stormy seas, perpetual clouds, and hurricane-force winds have kept the peaks of the Sarmiento unscaled, until now. Putting them on the map, climbers challenge cliffs, ice fields, and fjords.)

EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK; KAMCHATKA, RUSSIA; LUSITANIA; JOHN WESLEY POWELL; and, CHILE’S CORDILLERA SARMIENTO.

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National Geographic - March 1994, Vol. 185, No. 3

Shanghai: Where China’s Past and Future Meet (Communist leaders long denigrated China’s largest city for its onetime role as the Paris of the Orient. Now they invite foreign firms in hopes of making the city the financial capital of Asia.)
Simon Bolivar: El Libertador (South America’s 19th century revolutionary hero liberated five nations from Spain, while advocating strong central government. Americans still debate his legacy: Is it democracy or dictatorship?)
Trinidad and Tobago (Oil-rich and multiethnic, this two-island Caribbean nation makes an art of enjoying friends and family. Carnival, the yearly extravaganza of the senses, raises that art to its highest form.)
The Wings of War: How the Yanks of the Eighth Air Force helped turn the tide in World War II (The men of the U.S. Eighth Air Force battled Nazi Germany from five miles up, flying daytime bombing raids from England. Aboard B-17s they forged history, and lifelong friendships.)
High Road to Hunza (In the mountains of northern Pakistan, Hunzakuts find more rewards than drawbacks in the highway that has opened their once isolated Shangri-la to the outside world.)

SHANGHAI, CHINA; SIMON BOLIVAR; TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO; U.S. EIGHTH AIR FORCE, WWII; and, HUNZA, PAKISTAN.

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National Geographic - February 1994, Vol. 185, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: The World
Federal Lands: New Showdowns in the Old West (Freewheeling life on the frontier was never free. The West bears the scars of federally subsidized grazing, mining, and logging – and faces a new land rush of visitors, developers, and retirees.)
Return to Hunstein Forest (A daughter of U.S. missionaries revisits her childhood home in Papua New Guinea, where logging may soon destroy pristine rain forest and the way of life of the native Bahinemo people.)
Connecticut (Built on Yankee ingenuity and industry, the richest state in the U.S. – in per capita income – has been hard hit by job losses. Now Connecticut begins to reinvent itself for the post-industrial age.)
Sea Turtles: In a Race for Survival (Hunted for meat, leather, and their shells, sea turtles have suffered great declines in population. All eight species are endangered or threatened, and scientists work to save them from extinction.)
Tatshenshini-Alsek Wilderness Park (British Columbia, Canada: Named for two raging, glacier-fed rivers, this Canadian wilderness has ridden out a bruising battle over copper mining and emerged intact. The park crowns an international preserve.)

FEDERAL LANDS in the OLD WEST; HUNSTEIN FOREST, PAPUA NEW GUINEA; CONNECTICUT; SEA TURTLES; and, TATSHENSHINI-ALSEK WILDERNESS PARK, BC, CANADA.

Price: $4.50 - EX (Map - The World - political is included)

Price: $4.00 - VG (Map - The World - political is included)

National Geographic - January 1994, Vol. 185, No. 1

New Eyes on the Universe (With revolutionary telescopes and a fleet of spaceborne instruments, scientists are seeing farther, and more clearly, into the universe. Now they struggle to make sense of this extraordinary information.)
The Great Flood of ’93 (When water rampaged through the upper Mississippi River basin last summer, it left both broken levees and broken hearts, stirring up a century-old debate on U.S. flood-control policy.)
Des Moines, Iowa: Riding Out the Worst of Times (A native son returns to flood-ravaged Des Moines, Iowa, and finds its virtues of grit, good humor, and neighborly generosity holding fast.)
Kyushu: Japan’s Southern Gateway (Japan’s southernmost main island sheds its backwater image as it lures research labs and high-tech factories – and claims its share of the Pacific Rim boom.)
Macaws: Winged Rainbows (Deep in the Peruvian Amazon these largest of parrots gather to eat riverbank clay. Why they do so is one of the many questions explored in this first detailed study of macaws in the wild.)

THE UNIVERSE; MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD OF 1993; DES MOINES, IOWA; KYUSHU, JAPAN; and, PERUVIAN MACAWS.

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Price: $3.50 - VG