National Geographic Magazine Back issues 1980-1989

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINES 1980–1989

National Geographic - December 1989, Vol. 176, No.6

Special Places of the World: The Holy Land (Map Supplement) (The latest in the Special Places of the World series charts the area sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, relating historical events and scriptural passages to actual sites.)
Sistine Chapel: A Renaissance for Michelangelo (For nine years restorers have been removing the grime of centuries from the artist’s frescoes in the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel. The results are literally brilliant. David Jeffery describes the restoration project, photographed by Victor R. Boswell, Jr., and Adam Woolfitt.)
Baja California: Mexico’s Land Apart (Once a seldom traveled hinterland, this desert peninsula has been discovered by tourists drawn to the beauty and bounty of the Sea of Cortes and by Mexican workers in search of jobs. The deluge of visitors has brought a bloom of prosperity, along with new problems. Don Belt reports, with photographs by Annie Griffiths Belt.)
Advanced Materials: Reshaping Our Lives (Man’s increasing ability to create new materials by manipulating the atoms or molecules of existing ones is spurring an international scientific race that is transforming our material world. Thomas Y. Canby and photographer Charles O’Rear describe recent developments in plastics, ceramics, composites, and alloys.)
Washington State: Riding the Pacific Tide (A rising wave of Asian commerce brings economic benefits to the Evergreen State. Celebrating its centennial this year, Washington looks to its rich agricultural and industrial base to carry it into its second century, says Mike Edwards. Photos by Sandy Felsenthal.)
1989 Report: Our Year in Review: Superpowers Not So Super in Geography (A Society-sponsored geography poll of Russians reveals that they share with U.S. citizens a poor awareness of the world around them. National Geographic President Gilbert M. Grosvenor details 1989 projects promoting geography education.)

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National Geographic - November 1989, Vol. 176, No. 5

Double Map Supplement: Asia-Pacific / Western Pacific Rim (A double supplement charts the economic progress of a new world power, the western Pacific. Led by Japan’s industrial might, with the little dragons of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore not far behind, its diverse nations are forging closer ties.)
VIETNAM: Hard Road to Peace: Hanoi: The Capital Today (Fourteen years after the unification of Vietnam under communist rule, the Hanoi government is making overtures to the capitalist world. Peter T. White and photographer David Alan Harvey find a nation groping for ways to invigorate a failing economy.)
Hue: My City, Myself ( Scholar and novelist Tran Van Dinh returns to his birthplace and rediscovers the grandeur and charm of Vietnam’s last imperial capital. Photographs by David Alan Harvey.)
Saigon: Fourteen Years After (Officially it’s Ho Chi Minh City, but to the man in the street it’s still Saigon. Peter White and David Harvey explore a big, bustling city that retains more than a trace of wartime Americanization.)
The Bismarck Found, by Robert D. Ballard (Nazi Germany’s most powerful battleship sank in a savage battle with British warships in 1941, after only five days in the North Atlantic. Using sonar and video search techniques, Robert D. Ballard and his team locate its hulk three miles deep off the coast of France.)
In a Japanese Garden (A place for contemplation, the Japanese garden can be a stark landscape of rocks and raked gravel or a velvet carpet of moss or grass. Bruce A. Coats explains the philosophy behind these islands of serenity, photographed with an artist’s eye by Michael S. Yamashita.)
The Efe: Archers of the African Rain Forest (In Zaire’s Ituri Forest anthropologist Robert C. Bailey studies the Efe, one of some ten Pygmy groups found in central Africa. The way of life of these hunter-gatherers may teach much about our early ancestors.)

Vietnam; the Bismark (shipwreck); Japanese gardens; Efe pygmies of Zaire.

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National Geographic - October 1989, Vol. 176, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Land of the Maya / Ancient Maya World (A double supplement, Land of the Maya and Ancient Maya World, complements the issue’s articles about this still living culture.)
La Ruta Maya (Mexico-Guatemala-Belize-Honduras-El Salvador) (From the buried cities of one of the greatest American civilizations, the ancient Maya still speak, if you can get close enough to listen. In a major report, Editor Wilbur E. Garrett traces the Maya culture and outlines an ambitious plan for a 1,500-mile tour route encircling the Maya realm. Photographs by Kenneth Garrett.)
Copan (Honduras): A Royal Maya Tomb Discovered (Last June, for the first time in a century of excavation at Copan, the tomb of a Maya nobleman was unearthed there. Archaeologists Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle and William L. Fash, Jr., report on their find. Photographs by Kenneth Garrett.)
Copan (Honduras): City of the Kings and Commoners (New discoveries at Copan in western Honduras help explain the mysterious “collapse” of this Maya capital a millennium ago. Archaeologist George E. Stuart and photographer Kenneth Garrett document the work of an international team of scholars.)
New Zealand’s Magic Waters (A rich and beguiling tapestry of life fills the seas off New Zealand. Underwater photographer David Doubilet portrays this vivid world.)
Seizing the Light: Photography’s First Fifty Years (In the 150th year of the practical art of picture taking, historic images show the advances made in the opening five decades. With an evocative essay by Erla Zwingle.)
Heyday of the Horse Ferry: A long-forgotten animal powered craft is discovered on the bottom of Lake Champlain (In the early 1800s ferries powered by horses and mules plied rivers and lakes of the eastern United States, though they were soon displaced by the steamboat. Marine archaeologist Donald G. Shomette reports on one such teamboat found sunk in Lake Champlain.)

Maya; Copan, Honduras; New Zealand waters; early photography; horse ferries. (M) Map: Land of the Maya/Ancient Maya world.

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National Geographic - September 1989, Vol. 176, No. 3

The Shakers’ Brief Eternity (At their 19th century crest, the Shakers numbered 4,000 believers who lived a communal life devoted to achieving spiritual perfection. Though fewer than a dozen members remain, the purity of their faith and the simple beauty of their workmanship endure. Cathy Newman and photographer Sam Abell capture their spirit.)
Retracing the First Crusade (Heeding the call of Pope Urban II to reclaim the sacred places of Christendom from Infidels, Godfrey of Bouillon and thousands of followers set out from northern Europe in 1096. Tim Severin travels more than 3,000 miles by horseback along their route, gaining new insights into the crusaders’ quest. Photographs by Peter Essick.0
U.S. History in a Box: A Bygone Century Comes to Light (Benjamin P. Field Family, Long Island, New York) (A metal-sheathed box of family memorabilia relating to the centennial of George Washington’s first inauguration is opened after a hundred years, revealing contents that prove the accuracy of a preliminary high-tech see-through. Robert M. Poole reports. Please see May 1989 issue for the initial report prior to the opening of the box.)
Malawi: Faces of a Quiet Land (Paul Theroux returns to the scene of his Peace Corps service to find octogenarian president-for-life Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda keeping his African nation from the political turmoil and economic desperation that afflict its neighbors. Photographs by Eli Reed.)
Annapurna: Sanctuary for the Himalaya (Amid the breathtaking beauty of Nepal, an innovative nature preserve safeguards the fragile environment. Involving the local people is the key to its success, says author-photographer Galen Rowell.)
Samurai Aphids: Survival Under Siege (Within a placid and unobtrusive insect group, some aphid species of the Orient produce an aggressive soldier case to defend the colony or die trying. Their horned helmet-like heads remind zoologist Mar W. Moffett of ancient Japanese warriors.)

Retracing the first Crusade; Shakers; Malawi; the Annapurna range in Nepal; aphids.

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National Geographic - August 1989, Vol. 176, No. 2

San Diego: Where Two Californias Meet (Bounded by ocean and mountains, blessed with an appealing climate, California’s second largest city has evolved from a sleepy Navy town to a center for medical research and high-tech industry. Facing continued growth that threatens its quality of life, San Diego finds its fate increasingly intertwined with Tijuana, its burgeoning Mexican neighbor, says Neil Morgan. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
I Dream a World: America’s Black Women (A selection of portraits from a new book and traveling exhibition takes viewers into the lives and hearts of black women who have helped change America. Photographs and interviews by Brian Lanker, with a foreword by Maya Angelou.)
The Quest for Oil (The people who search the world for the crude that fuels our global economy find their task ever harder. Fred Hapgood and photographer George Steinmetz follow the seekers through jungles, deserts, Arctic wilderness, and computer-generated vistas of earth’s interior.)
Alaska Spill: Tragedy in Alaska Waters (…Exxon Valdez ripped open its bottom on Bligh Reef.) (Once found, oil must get to market. Douglas B. Lee reports on the disastrous consequences of a tanker run aground. Photographer Natalie Fobes records the impact on Prince William Sound.)
Elephant Talk (research in Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, Africa) (Using low-frequency sound inaudible to the human ear, seemingly silent elephants keep up a steady flow of communication with one another. Katherine Payne and her research team developed sophisticated recording techniques to break the code of the pachyderms.)
The Many Lives of Old Havana (From Soto to Hemingway to Castro, Cuba’s past is alive in the crowded old quarter of the capital, where a massive restoration effort proceeds amid the tempo of everyday life. By Joseph Judge, with photographs by James L. Stanfield.)

San Diego; America's Black women; exploring for oil in Papua New Guinea; the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska; Havana; Elephant talk.

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National Geographic - July 1989, Vol. 176, No. 1

FRANCE
Double Map Supplement: France: Evolution of a Nation
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite… Unite!
The New, the Enduring Paris
The Great Revolution: Galvanizing symbol of the collapse of the ancien regime, the Bastille prison fell to Parisians and militiamen on July 14, 1789.
Two Revolutions: Down with kings, up with the inalienable rights of the citizen? Revolutionary ideas, and men who espoused them, crisscrossed the Atlantic, inspiring America’s revolt against England, then France’s overthrow of its king.
Letters from France
High Tech: The Future is Now
A Castle Under the Louvre: In the heart of Paris a medieval fortress is unearthed beneath the renowned museum and former palace of kings.
The Gothic Revolution: French builders of the 1100s first dared to fashion heaven’s image in soaring cathedrals of stone. Entrance was by portals worthy of paradise, and the sanctuary was charged with light pressed through glass tapestries radiant with faith.
Unsettled Immigrants: A generation of foreign workers and their children have not been fully assimilated. Caught between two cultures, they are… Unsettled Immigrants
The Fine Feathered Nest: La Protection Sociale
Tour de France: An Annual Madness
Darcey: A Village that Refuses to Die
The Business of Chic (French fashion)
Paris: La Belle Epoque

France's bicentennial celebration.

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National Geographic - June 1989, Vol. 175, No. 6

Double Supplement: Dinosaurs and Other Vanished Species
Extinctions: What Caused Earth’s Great Dyings? (Since life began on this planet, at least five worldwide catastrophes have erased millions of animal species, and a sixty is under way. Rick Gore and photographer Jonathan Blair report the latest findings on these extinctions, evidence of climatic shifts and huge meteorite impacts. A double supplement focuses on the losses, from the dinosaurs to the vanishing species of today.)
Malta: The Passion of Freedom (Under foreign rule for centuries, this Mediterranean island nation reflects a past patterned by Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Arabs, Knights of St. John, and the British. Now celebrating 25 years of independence, Malta takes a neutral stance in today’s uneasy world, according to William S. Ellis. Photographs by Bob Krist.)
Computer Graphics: Images for the Computer Age (Author-photographer Fred Ward “flies” a jet fighter, peers into the human brain, and chuckles at the antics of an animated cartoon character to show us how computer graphics make impossible visions possible.)
The Remote World of Tibet’s Nomads (On a bleak, windswept plateau in western China, one of the last great nomadic societies on earth survives as herders of yaks, sheep, and goats. Living for 16 months with these Tibetan nomads, who endured years of forced settlement in communes, anthropologists Melvyn Goldstein and Cynthia Beall find traditional ways reviving.)
Acorns: Life in a Nutshell (Most acorns don’t grow up to be mighty oaks. The reason: A host of creatures invade the shell for food and shelter. Zoologist and photographer Mark W. Moffett takes a close look.)

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National Geographic - May 1989, Vol. 175, No. 5

Tepuis: Venezuela’s Islands in Time (Like fortresses in the clouds, lofty mesas called Tepuis tower above forests edging the Amazon Basin. Author-photographer Uwe George visits the region that inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Lost World, where unique plants and animals have remained all but unknown.)
Searching For the Secrets of Gravity (The force that keeps our planet circling the sun and our feet on the ground is not as simple as Newton thought. Another force may be at work as well, reports, John Boslough. Photos by James A. Sugar.)
Braving the Northwest Passage (For centuries European seamen tried to reach the Far East through the icy waters of northern Canada. Not until the early 1900s was the voyage made, and not until last August was it made under sail and muscle power alone. Jeff MacInnis and photographer Mike Beedell describe their 2,300-mile journey aboard an 18-foot catamaran.)
The Baltic: Arena of Power (The rules have changed in this traditional East-West buffer zone, with glasnost and perestroika replacing hostility and suspicion. Priit J. Vesilind and photographer Cotton Coulson find the seven Baltic nations cooperating to save the sea they share.)
Are the Swiss Forests in Peril? (For centuries forests have sheltered Swiss valleys from avalanches. Today many trees, weakened by air pollution, insects, and former forestry practices, show alarming damage. Christian Mehr tells of efforts to save the forests. Photos by the author and Sam Abell.)
U.S. History in a Box (…a wooden box covered and lined with metal that had been handed down in his family, from one Ben P. Field to another, for at least a century) (On April 30 National Geographic Explorer will televise the opening of a Long Island family’s time capsule, sealed a century ago. Space-age technology previews the contents, mementos of President Benjamin Harrison’s inaugural in 1889 and possibly of George Washington’s in 1789. Text by Benjamin P. Field V, heir to the box, and Senior Associate Editor Joseph Judge; photos by Sisse Brimberg. Please see September 1989 issue for the follow-up reporting after the box was opened.)

Tepui mountains in Venezuala; gravity; northwest passage; the Baltic region; Swiss deforestation.

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National Geographic - April 1989, Vol. 175, No. 4

Living With Radiation (This invisible force has power to kill as well as cure. Charles E. Cobb, Jr., assesses the perils and benefits, from the atom bomb and radon to radiotherapy, Ex rays, and the controversial issue of nuclear power. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
Kronan: Remnants of a Mighty Warship (The most powerful vessel of her day, Sweden’s Kronan sank in 1676 with a loss of 800 lives, only a week after she first saw action. Naval historians have found her remains on the floor of the Baltic, and a microcosm of early shipboard life. By Anders Franzen, with photographs by Bill Curtsinger and paintings by John Berkey.)
The John Muir Trail: Along the High Wild Sierra (From the summit of Mount Whitney to the valley of the Yosemite, author-photographer Galen Rowell explores the scenic 121-mile California trail named for the outspoken turn-of-the-century conservationist who devoted his life to preserving wilderness.)
Cartegena Nights (Carriage lamps and candlelight enhance the baroque facades of this historic Colombian port, whose massive battlements recall its reign as fortress city of the Spanish Main. By Bart McDowell, with photographs by Ol Louis Mazzatenta.)
The Common Loon Cries for Help (The unmistakable wail of this familiar water bird has been silenced on many North American lakes, where acid rain and other pollutants have spoiled its fishing and nesting spots. A high death rate in part of its winter range has raised new concerns about its future. Judith W. McIntyre and Michael S. Quinton report.)

Living with radiation; Kronan (Swedish warship); John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada mountains; Cartagena, Colombia; loons.

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National Geographic - March 1989, Vol. 175, No. 3

Above China (The world’s most populous nation, once one of its most secretive, unfolds under the camera of aerial photographer Georg Gerster. An unprecedented view of China’s vast and diverse topography, with text by Larry Kohl.)
Faulkner’s Mississippi (William Cuthbert Faulkner) (The spirit of the literary giant endures in his hometown of Oxford, inspiration for a fictional world in which human weakness and the strength to persevere are both part of the landscape. By Mississippi writer Willie Morris and photographer William Albert Allard.)
Wildlife Quest to the Icy Seas of South Georgia (Each year for more than a decade Sally and Jerome Poncet, now with their three children have sailed the frigid waters of this remote South Atlantic island, recording their observations of a stunning array of seabirds and seals. Sally Poncet chronicles the family’s odyssey. Photographs by Frans Lanting.)
An Indian Cemetery Desecrated: Who Owns Our Past? (Slack Farm, Kentucky) (Relic hunters searching for salable grave goods have ravaged an ancient Indian burial ground in Kentucky, outraging Native American’s and archaeologist alike. Harvey Arden reports on the loss to our national heritage. Photographs by Steve Wall.)
Trap-Jaw Ants: Set for Prey (Harvard zoologist Mark W. Moffett journeys to the rain forests of Costa Rica and Trinidad to study elusive ants whose specially adapted hair-trigger jaws can snap up hyperactive springtails, their sole prey.)

Ariel photography of China; Faulkner's Mississippi; South Georga island; Indian burial grounds; trap-jaw ants.

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National Geographic - February 1989, Vol. 175, No. 2

Special Places of the World (Map Supplement): Yellowstone and Grand Teton Parks (Mapping Two Great Parks: National Geographic embarks on a new series of supplement maps with a close look at Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, and its equally grand neighbor, the Grand Tetons.)
Skyscrapers: Above the Crowd (Escaping horizontal congestion, these tallest of buildings are soaring monuments to the skill of architect and engineer. William S. Ellis and photographer Nathan Benn explore the towers, top to bottom.)
At Home in the Hancock Center (In Chicago the world’s sixth tallest building can claim a title that most of its competitors cannot, a place to live. A.R. Williams and photographer Lynn Johnson profile a multiuse giant.)
Small-town America: An Endangered Species? (Griffin Smith, Jr., reflects on a way of life that is passing. Forty years of photographs from the annual workshop of the University of Missouri School of Journalism mirror the changing and the changeless.)
The Life and Times of William Henry Jackson: Photographing the Frontier (He packed several lives into his 99 years: artist, Union soldier, bullwhacker, and pioneer photographer whose first-ever pictures spotlighted the frontier West, including Yellowstone. Rowe Findley and photographer James L. Amos portray a prolific man and his dynamic era.)
Yellowstone: The Great Fires of 1988 (Last summer’s conflagrations were but a chapter in the long natural history of Yellowstone National Park, but they ignited national debate over the hands-off-fire-fighting policy of the Park Service. David Jeffery reports.)
A Century at Your Fingertips (Editor Wilbur E. Garrett announces publication of the Geographic’s new centennial index, a one-volume compendium on a hundred years of change.)

Skyscrapers; Chicago's Hancock Center; small-town America; William Henry Jackson; Yellowstone fires. (M) Map: Yellowstone Park/Grand Teton Park.

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National Geographic - January 1989, Vol. 175, No. 1

Coca: An Ancient Indian Herb Turns Deadly (Used for centuries by South America’s highland Indians, a mild stimulant has been transformed into today’s international killer drug: cocaine. Peter T. White and photographer Jose Azel infiltrate the shadowy world of growers, dealers, and users.)
Straight: A Gloves-off Treatment Program (A controversial rehabilitation approach for young drug users is examined by Cliff Tarpy and Jose Azel.)
Sagebrush Country: America’ Outback (Douglas H. Chadwick crisscrosses the big lonesome heart of the West and discovers a rugged breed of American individualists. With photographs by Phil Schofield.)
Ballet With Stingrays (Underwater photographer David Doubilet joins divers feeding stingrays off Grand Cayman and finds these graceful creatures, feared for the venomous spines on their tails, are surprisingly gentle.)
Indonesia: Two Worlds, Time Apart (Unity in Diversity is the motto of this Asian nation of more than 13,000 islands. Arthur Zich chronicles the struggle of the world’s most populous Muslim country to preserve tradition while keeping pace with a modern world. Photographs by Charles O’Rear.)
Rowing Antarctica’s Most Mad Seas (Challenging by oar the treacherous waters of the Drake Passage, author-photographer Ned Gillette and a crew of three successfully row their storm-tossed craft from Chile to Antarctica.)

Cocaine; sagebrush country (western U.S.); stingrays; Indonesia; rowing to Antarctica.

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National Geographic - December 1988, Vol. 174, No. 6

Endangered Earth HOLOGRAM Front Cover / McDonalds HOLOGRAM Back Cover
Double Map: The World / Endangered Earth
Will We Mend Our Earth? (As the National Geographic Society enters its second century, one of its goals will be to encourage a better stewardship of the planet, writes President Gilbert M. Grosvenor. A Society-sponsored symposium last January expressed calls for a new era of global responsibility.)
Brazil’s Imperiled Rain Forest: Rondonia’s Settlers Invade (Brazil’s vast western frontier has enticed settlers since the 1960s. William S. Ellis tracks the mass immigration and the subsequent destruction of rain forest, escalated by construction of 900 miles of an Amazonia highway. With photographs by William Albert Allard and Loren McIntyre.)
Last Days of Eden: Rondonia’s Urueu-Wau-Wau Indians (As pioneers encroach, the peoples of the rain forest under a government hands-off policy protect their lands by resort to force. Loren McIntyre and Jesco von Puttkamer document the predicament of one tribe.)
Quietly Conserving Nature (For nearly 40 years the U.S.-based Nature Conservancy has combined biology and business for the profit of unique plant and animal communities. Noel Grove reports, with photographs by Stephen J. Krusemann.)
Caribou: Majestic Wanderers (Photographer Michio Hoshino chronicles the life cycle of these tundra-dwelling mammals in the last great migratory herds of the New World.)
Oil In The Wilderness: An Arctic Dilemma (Oil companies want to tap reserves they suspect lie beneath a protected swath of wilderness spanning the Alaska-Canada border. Douglas B. Lee and photographer James P. Blair examine the debate over development.)
Whales: An Era of Discovery (As commercial whaling fades away, zoologist James D. Darling sums up two decades of whale research, including recently recognized parallels with land mammals. Flip Nicklin captures rare images or world’s largest animals.)
New Perspective on the World (Recounting efforts to portray the round earth on flat paper, National Geographic’s Chief Cartographer John B. Garver, Jr., introduces the Society’s new and more realistic world map.)
Population, Plenty, and Poverty (Skyrocketing world population and increasingly affluent life-styles are staining earth’s resources. Stanford biologists Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich say population control is essential for the survival of humanity.)

Special holographic cover; all articles are about conservation; rain forests; caribou; whales; maps; world population.

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National Geographic - November 1988, Vol. 174, No. 5

Double Supplement: Mount Everest / High Himalaya
Exploring Cradle Earth (The splendor of Mount Everest, captured by William Thompson in unique aerial photographs, epitomizes the human urge to view the unknown. Editor Wilbur E. Garrett keynotes an issue dedicated to exploration.)
The Mighty Himalaya: A Fragile Heritage (Geographer Barry C. Bishop, who scaled Mount Everest a quarter of a century ago, describes today’s battle between conservationists and commercial interests in Asia’s loftiest mountain system.)
Heavy Hands on the Land (The cursh of tourists in the Himalayan range and the needs of the local Tibetan and Nepalese populations take a serious toll, writes Larry Kohl. Photographs by William Thompson and Galen Rowell.)
Mapping Mount Everest (Space-age technology provides a brilliant new look at the central Himalaya in a double map supplement, the most accurate portrait of the Everest region ever produced. Project leader Bradford Washburn relates its history.)
Honey Hunters of Nepal (High in Himalayan foothills, fearless Gurang men risk their lives to harvest the massive nests of the world’s largest honeybee. Text and photographs by Eric Valli and Diane Summers.)
Long Journey of the Brahmaputra (From Tibet’s lofty passes through India to the floodplains of Bangladesh Jere Van Dyk follow the storied river whose course was a mystery for centuries. Raghubir Singh and Galen Rowell photograph the scenic region shared by Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims.)
Down the Cayman Wall (By submersible, shark expert Eugenie Clark explores a kaleidoscope of marine organisms living along a 3,200-foot underwater escarpment off Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean.)
Mission to Mars (A U.S.-Soviet manned voyage could answer age-old riddles about Earth’s neighbor planet. Former astronaut Michael Collins describes a flight scenario for the year 2004, with photographs by Roger H. Ressmeyer and artwork by Pierre Mion and Roy Andersen.)

Mount Everest; the Himalayas; honey hunters of Nepal; the Brahmaputra river; the undersea Cayman Wall; manned mission to Mars.

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National Geographic - October 1988, Vol. 174, No. 4

The Peopling of the Earth Issue
Where Did We Come From (The Peopling of the Earth) (With this issue National Geographic enters its second century. In celebration we have added to this and the next two issues the equivalent of a 13th issue in pages, to permit a 538-page report on the world we live in. The trilogy begins with articles on mankind, ancient and modern. November will feature exploration, led by breathtaking portraits of the Himalaya, with a unique high-tech map of the Everest region. We end the year with a new world map and articles keyed to a symposium sponsored by the National Geographic Society to assess the environmental state of our fragile earth. The Editor.)
The Search For Modern Humans (Homo sapiens, wise man, appeared only some 100,000 years ago. Who were these latecomers of human ancestry? Where and how did they live? Senior Assistant Editor John J. Putman and photographers Sisse Brimberg and Ira Block follow their fascinating tail worldwide.)
An Ice Age Ancestor? (Prehistoric art expert Alexander Marshack describes scientific efforts to test the antiquity of an astoundingly realistic carved image of a man.)
Lascaux Cave (France): Art Treasures from the Ice Age (Paleolithic artists recorded their world on walls of a French cavern. Dr. Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Sisse Brimberg, and Norbert Aujoulat detail its glories.)
Clovis Cache Found: Weapons of Ancient Americans (A Washington apple orchard yields the largest Clovis spearpoints ever found. Archaeologist Peter J. Mehringer, Jr., and Warren Morgan report.)
Air Bridge to Siberia (Alaskan Eskimos reverse their forebears’ migration path, reopening contact across the Bering Sea. Wilbur E. Garrett and Steve Raymer go along.)
Richest Unlooted Tomb of a Moche Lord (In northern Peru archaeologists find the spectacular burial place of a pre-Inca warrior-priest. Project director Walter Alva, archaeologist Christopher B. Donnan, photographer Bill Ballenberg, and artist Ned Seidler bring the Lord of Sipan and his culture to life.)
The Afrikaners (A new generation tries to outlive the stereotype of a rigid, God-chosen people born to rule. Distinguished Afrikaner author Andre Brink and photographer David Turnley sensitively portray South Africa’s white tribe today.)
The Hmong in America: Laotian Refugees in the Land of the Giants (U.S. allies in the Vietnam War, nearly 100,000 of these Laotians now live here. Spencer Sherman and Dick Swanson document their culture shock.)

Ice age man; Lascaux cave art; ancient clovis tools; Siberia-Alaska flight; Peru tomb; Afrikaners of South Africa; the Hmong (Laotians) in America.

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National Geographic - September 1988, Vol. 174, No. 3

100 Years – Reporting on the world and all that is in it. – (Covers Issue)
Within the Yellow Border (The famous GEOGRAPHIC cover has mirrored the birth, growth, and universality of our Society’s journal, says Editor Wilbur E. Garrett. Foldout displays early covers and presents all 353 with illustrations, since the first in July 1942.)
Three Men Who Made the Magazine (In a look back at National Geographic’s first 100 Years, Editor-at-Large Charles McCarry traces the special gifts of Alexander Graham Bell, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, and Melville Bell Grosvenor, three innovators whose creative ideas and talented staffs gave shape to the journal.)
The Greatest Job in the World? (In lighthearted stream of consciousness, Senior Associate Editor Joseph Judge recalls private comments of our far-ranging writers and photographers.)
Odyssey: The Art of Photography (Geographic photographs as art are discussed by Jane Livingston, Associate Director and Chief Curator of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. From past magazines and archives she and her staff selected pictures for an exhibit that will be seen in art museums around the world.)
Spoofing the Geographic (Through the years America’s top cartoonists have poked good-natured fun at Geographic traditions. Humorist Roy Blount, Jr., gives his own views.)
Alexander Graham Bell (Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Robert V. Bruce brings alive the Scottish-born tinkerer who became one of America’s most famous inventors and a beloved teacher of the deaf. Photographs by Ira Block.)
Commander Robert E. Peary: Did He Reach the Pole? (The claim of the great Arctic explorer has been questioned for nearly 80 years. Drawing on all available sources including Peary’s now released diary, Wally Herbert, also a noted polar explorer, joins the debate.)
Descendants of the Expeditions (Recounting touching moments of reconciliation, Edward Peary Stafford, the explorer’s grandson, and Harvard Professor S. Allen Counter travel to Greenland to meet the Eskimo families of Robert E. Peary and his assistance Matthew A. Henson. Photographs by Bob Sacha.)
New Atlas Unfurls Nation’s History (President Gilbert M. Grosvenor announces the publication of the Society’s unprecedented Historical Atlas of the United States and the donation of a copy of each of the nation’s 35,000 schools with a ninth grade or above.)

Special centennial issue: 100 years of National Geographic with thumbnail images of each cover. Includes features on Alexander Graham Bell and Robert E. Peary.

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National Geographic - August 1988, Vol. 174, No. 2

Madagascar’s Lemurs: On the Edge of Survival
Annapolis: Camelot on the Bay (Maryland’s capital since early colonial days has become a preservation showcase as well as a sailor’s haven on the Chesapeake. Larry Kohl and photographer Devin Fleming document the struggle to maintain tradition and prosperity.)
Triumph of Daedalus (On the trail of legend, a Greek pilot pedals from Crete to Santorin for a new record for human-powered flight, a feat described by John S. Langford, photographed by Charles O’Rear.)
Frederic Remington: The Man and the Myth (The celebrated American painter and sculptor helped make cowboys and Indians legendary. Louise E. Levathes and photographer Chris Johns trace his career east and west.)
The South Koreans (Aggressive, highly competitive, and reluctant to compromise, South Koreans push their economy forward, while keeping a wary eye on their kinsmen to the north. By Boyd Gibbons, with photographs by Nathan Benn.)
Kyongju, Where Korea Began (In this ancient capital where spirit and reality merge, Cathy Newman finds the soul of Korea. Photographs by H. Edward Kim.)

Lemurs; Annapolis, Maryland; Daedalus, a pedal-power airplane; Frederic Remington; South Korea; Kyongju, S. Korea.

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National Geographic - July 1988, Vol. 174, No. 1

Atlanta (Georgia): Energy & Optimism in the New South (Host to this month’s Democratic Convention, the capital of Georgia has evolved from Civil War casualty to premier city of the Southeast, an exciting business and cultural center. Erla Zwingle and photographer Jim Richardson report on a modern-day resurgence.)
The Day the World Ended at Kourion (Cyprus): Reconstructing an Ancient Earthquake (On July 21 in A.D. 365 an earthquake brought death and destruction to a city on Cyprus. Archaeologist David Soren and his team, using computer graphics, dramatically re-create the scene of personal tragedy. Photographs by Martha Cooper.)
Acts of Faith in Chile (Chileans will soon decide in a plebiscite whether to continue a swing to the political right led by Augusto Pinochet. Allen A. Boraiko and photographer David Alan Harvey describe a nation weighing its choices.)
When the Moors Ruled Spain (Their 800-year dominance ended in 1492 with expulsion by Columbus’s benefactors, Ferdinand and Isabella. The heritage left behind still enriches the country, Thomas J. Abercrombie and photographer Bruno Barbey discover.)
What’s Killing the Palm Trees? (A disease called lethal yellowing is destroying the coconut palms of the Western Hemisphere, says plant pathologist Randolph E. McCoy. With photographs by Guillermo Aldana E.)

Atlanta, Georga; ancient earthquake in Kourion, Greece; Chile; Moors in Spain; dying palm trees.

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National Geographic - June 1988, Vol. 173, No. 6

The Making of America (Map Series #17 of 17): Tidewater (The history and modern face of the rich, well-watered lands from Delaware to the Carolinas are chronicled in a double supplement map.)
The Eternal Etruscans (Three thousand years ago the Etruscans forged Italy’s first civilization. Writer Rick Gore and photographer O. Louis Mazzatenta explore that little-known culture and what it left behind. With paintings by James M. Gurney.)
Palio: Siena’s Centuries-old 90-Second Horse Race (Citizens of Siena, once an Etruscan center, continue a danger-filled tradition of horse racing. Photos by O. Louis Mazzatenta.)
Ellesmere Island (Canada): Life in the High Arctic (Biologist L. David Mech documents the struggle of wildlife to survive in Canada’s northernmost reach. Photographs by Jim Brandenburg.)
Guatemala: A Fragile Democracy (After years of mismanagement and guerrilla warfare, this key Central American nation opts for civilian democratic rule, and now faces the challenge of unifying its diverse peoples. Griffin Smith, Jr., reports on encounters with the unexpected. Photographs by James Nachtwey.)
Yorktown Shipwreck (Scuttled in the Battle of Yorktown, a British naval transport yields clues to 18th-century ships and tactics, relates archaeologist John D. Broadwater. Photos by Bates Littlehales.)
Coelacanths: The Fish That Time Forgot (A fish known only from fossils and believed to be extinct was found living in the Indian Ocean in 1938. Now a German team dives in a submersible to study coelacanths in their deep haunts. By marine biologist Hans Fricke.)

Etruscans; Ellesmere Island, Canada; Guatemala; Yorktown shipwreck; coelacanths.

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National Geographic - May 1988, Vol. 173, No. 5

Wool: Fabric of History (In a world-ranging quest, fashion expert Nina Hyde and photographer Cary Wolinsky explore the extraordinary fiber, gift of wandering animals, that is still vital to human culture.)
Kerala: Jewel of India’s Malabar Coast (A national pacesetter in health, education, and religious tolerance, this cosmopolitan state on India’s southwestern coast has never shied from political controversy, according to Peter Miller. Photographs by Raghubir Singh.)
Supernova: Death of a Star (Suddenly last year a new light blazed in the southern skies, giving astronomers an unprecedented look at a super-nova a mere 170,000 light-years away. Astrophysicist Robert P. Kirshner explains the phenomenon; Roger H. Ressmeyer photographs its study around the world.)
The Persian Gulf: Living in Harm’s Way (In a timely report from the strategic waterway, Thomas J. Abercrombie and photographer Steve Raymer describe the people caught in the shadow of the ongoing Iraq-Iran war.)
Fleas: The Lethal Leapers (Biologist-photographer Nicole Duplaix investigates the incredible feats of these infamous insects, whose ability to pass plague to humans changed the course of history.)

WOOL; KERALA, MALABAR COAST, INDIA; 1987 SUPERNA; THE PERSIAN GULF; and, FLEAS.

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National Geographic - April 1988, Vol. 173, No. 4

Ghosts of War in the South Pacific (During World War II hundreds of aircraft and ships went down in the South Pacific. Peter Benchley recounts the action and, with photographer David Doubilet, discovers that marine organisms have transformed wrecks into magnificent living memorials.)
Wreck of the Coolidge (David Doubilet takes us on a tour of the President Coolidge, luxury liner turned troop transport, which sank in 1942 at Espiritu Santo en route to reinforce Allied forces at Guadalcanal.)
Uganda, Land Beyond Sorrow (Death has become a way of life in this once prosperous East African nation, ravaged by two decades of anarchy, chaos, and massacres, and now by the specter of AIDS. Robert Caputo reports.)
Texas in Bloom, by Lady Bird Johnson (The Lone Star State finds a place in the sun for wildflowers, says the First Lady of beautification, Lady Bird Johnson.)
Wildflowers Across America (Artist Jack Unruh captures the astonishing color and variety of the blooms that nature plants from eastern woodlands to high mountain meadows. With text by Michael E. Long.)
Finding a Pharaoh’s Funeral Bark (Scientists penetrate a crypt near Egypt’s Great Pyramid to reveal a sacred craft unseen for 4,600 years. By Farouk El-Baz, with photographs by James P. Blair and Claude E. Petrone.)
Riddle of the Pyramid Boats (Why did the ancient Egyptians disassemble and bury two full-size royal ships near the tomb of the great pharaoh Khufu? What purposes did the vessels serve? Peter Miller investigates the puzzle. Photographs by Victor R. Boswell, Jr.)

The South Pacific Ocean and sunken warships; Uganda; wildflowers in Texas and across America; boats of the Egyptian pyramids.

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National Geographic - March 1988, Vol. 173, No. 3

China Passage by Rail (A changing people and changeless landscapes come into view as Paul Theroux and Geographic photographer Bruce Dale travel the railways of the world’s most populous nation.)
Between Columbus and Jamestown: EXploring Our Forgotten Century (A decade of digging by archaeologists and scholars illuminates the neglected first chapter in our country’s history, the years between Columbus and Jamestown. Joseph Judge reports, with photographs by Bill Ballenberg and paintings by John Berkey.)
Hello Anchorage, Good-bye Dream (Anchorage copes with the realities of urban life and struggles to regain the riches of the oil boom. Larry L. King and photographer Chris Johns reveal the growing pains of Alaska’s largest city.)
The Falkland Islands: Life After the War (Falklanders are still British and newly prosperous just six years after the deadly contest waged by Britain and Argentina over their South Atlantic homeland. Bryan Hodgson and photographer Steve Raymer assess their life today.)
Falkland Islands Wildlife: A Portfolio (Food-rich waters around the Falklands support a spectacular mix of birds and animals.

China passage by rail; Nat. Geo. Society's Education Foundation; Anchorage, Alaska; the Falkland Islands; Spanish exploration in the 1500's.

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National Geographic - February 1988, Vol. 173, No. 2

Special Double Supplement: Australia
Portraits of the Land (Australia): The Red Centre; Kangaroo Island; The Pinnacles; Tasmania; Great Barrier Reef; The Nullarbor Plain
Child of Gondwana (Australia)
Australia at 200
The Australians
Children of the First Fleet, by John Everingham
Sydney’s Changing Face
The First Australians
The First Australians: Living in Two Worlds

Entire issue on Australia.

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National Geographic - January 1988, Vol. 173, No. 1

Centennial Year 1888-1988 Issue One Hundred Years of increasing and diffusing geographic knowledge

Those Electrifying 1880s When The National Geographic Society Was Born (The Western frontier closed, and new frontiers of science and industry opened in the dynamic decade when the National Geographic Society was born. A centennial survey by historian William H. Goetzmann, with nostalgic collages by Fred Otnes.)

1988: The Society’s Trustees Who Have Carried On the Tradition (Chairman Emeritus Melvin M. Payne traces a century of distinguished leadership.)

Discovering America (Two newcomers to the United States help us see ourselves as others see us, a nation of wealth, waste, patriotism, and undreamed-of-opportunity. Award-winning Polish journalists Malgorzata Niezabitowska and Tomasz Tomaszewski report.)

Poland: The Hope that Never Dies

Galapagos Wildlife Under Pressure: A Century After Darwin’s Death (Charles Darwin first described to the world the unique animal inhabitants of these islands off Ecuador. A hundred and fifty years later, Dieter and Mary Plage portray the same unique species of the archipelago, now protected in a national park.)

Managing Another Galapagos Species: Man (Thousands of tourists descend on the Galapagos each year. Jerry Emory describes the impact on the fragile ecology and the challenges involved in preserving it.)

Centennial edtition; founding of the National Geographic Society; America in 1888; America in 1988; Poland; the Galapagos Islands.

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National Geographic - December 1987, Vol. 172, No. 6

Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age (Sailing an ancient trade network, a ship sank off Turkey some 3,400 years ago. Now marine archaeologist George F. Bass excavates and, with photographer Bill Curtsinger, reports on an unprecedented trove of pottery, weapons, and copper and tin ingots.)
Sea Change in the Sea Islands: Nowhere to Lay Down Weary Head (Cultural traditions brought from Africa and a Creole language called Gullah erode under the impact of resort development along the South Carolina and Georgia coast, Charles L. Blockson finds. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
Nomads’ Land: A Journey Through Tibet (Sorrel Wilby, a young Australian, walks 1,800 miles across western Tibet and gets more than she bargained for in snow blindness, blisters, and understanding.)
What Is This Thing Called Sleep? (Familiar yet mysterious, sleep still baffles the experts. Michael E. Long and photographer Louie Psihoyos investigate crib death, breathing disorders, nightmares, narcolepsy, and other ailments that make sleep hazardous to your health.)
Red Crabs On the March on Christmas Island (Swarming over a tiny island in the Indian Ocean, millions of crustaceans undertake an annual march to the sea, tidying the landscape and invading houses along their route. By conservationist John W. Hicks.)

Bronze age shipwreck; Sea Islands; journey through Tibet; sleep; red crabs of Christmas Island.

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National Geographic - November 1987, Vol. 172, No. 5

The Making of America (Map Series #16 of 17): West Indies (A double-sided supplement explores islands crucial to the Making of America.)
The World of Suleyman the Magnificent (Merle Severy and James L. Stanfield chronicle the great Turkish sultan who raised the Ottoman Empire to its zenith in the 16th century, pitting East and West in a holy war of terrorism, hostages, and intrigue that echoes in today’s headlines.)
New Mexico: Between Frontier and Future (High technology has come to this land of three cultures and infinite sky, and New Mexico will never be the same state again. Bart McDowell and photographer Danny Lehman investigate the changes that growth brings.)
Scorpionfish: Danger in Disguise (The most horrific and beauteous of venomous fishes, whose spines can be deadly, are caught on film by David Doubilet in the Gulf of Aqaba.)
Haiti, Against All Odds (Amid continuing political turmoil, the Western Hemisphere’s poorest nation struggles simply to survive. Charles E. Cobb, Jr., and photographer James P. Blair report.)
La Navidad, 1492: Searching for Columbus’s Lost Colony (On Haiti’s north shore, archaeologist Kathleen A. Deagan and her colleagues believe they have found the first Spanish settlement in America,, La Navidad. Photographs by Bill Ballenberg.)
The Pumphouse Gang Moves to a Strange New Land (Anthropologist Shirley C. Strum discusses her continuing study of a fascinating troop of Kenya baboons after its move to a new habitat.)

Suleyman the Magnificent; New Mexico; scorpionfish; Haiti; La Navidad, Columbus's lost colony; baboons.

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National Geographic - October 1987, Vol. 172, No. 4

Women of Saudi Arabia (Caught up in modernization, Saudi Arabia’s culture still sequesters the lives of its women, according to an American who has lived there, Marianne Alireza. Photographs by Jodi Cobb.)
Epilogue for TITANIC, by Robert D. Ballard (Robert D. Ballard explains an extraordinary 108-photo mosaic, two years in the making, showing the sunken ship at rest on the sea-floor. Paintings by Ken Marschall depict Ballard’s exploration of the doomed liner.)
Doc Edgerton: The Man Who Made Time Stand Still (Harold E. Doc Edgerton, pioneer of the strobe flash, has changed the way we look at the world. A profile by Erla Zwingle, with photographs by Edgerton and Bruce Dale.)
North Carolina’s Outer Banks: Awash in Change (Wind an sea endlessly contour the shores and barrier islands of North Carolina. Lately man has added a controversial hand, says Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Photos by David Alan Harvey.)
The Smell Survey Results (A year ago some 1.5 million Society members responded to a study of the least understood human sense. Researchers Avery N. Gilbert and Charles J. Wysocki discuss the findings.)
Baltistan: The 20th Century Comes to Shangri-la (Brought by warfare that still sputters, the modern age is fast transforming this remote Karakoram mountain realm, as Galen and Barbara Cushman Rowell discover.)

women of Saudi Arabia; The Titanic; Doc Edgerton and high-speed photography; North Carolina's Outer Banks; a smell survey; Baltistan, Pakistan.

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National Geographic - September 1987, Vol. 172, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: United States / Its Growth (A double supplement traces the country’s territorial history from colonial days to the present.)

Jade: Stone of Heaven (More revered than gold in antiquity, this stone of rainbow hues lures seekers to remote places. Author-photographer Fred Ward documents fade’s special place in history and art.)

El Mirador: An Early Maya Metropolis Uncovered (Was this one of America’s first great cities? Archaeologist Ray T. Matheny’s excavations at a 2,000-year-old site in the Guatemalan jungle have led him to new theories about the roots of Maya civilization. Paintings by T.W. Rutledge.)

James Madison: Architect of the Constitution (A Virginia politician-scholar was the driving force and design master behind the document whose 200th birthday we now honor. Alice J. Hall brings to light little-known aspects of the unassuming Madison. Photos by Sam Abell.)

Living Iroquois Confederacy (From One Sovereign People to Another) (Proud descendants of once powerful Indian nations hold fast to their heritage. Harvey Arden and photographer Steve Wall chronicle the storied past and uncertain future of these keepers of “The Fire That Never Dies.”)

Silent Death from Cameroon’s Killer Lake (A cloud of carbon dioxide burst from a West African lake one August night in 1986, and 1,700 people died. Curt Stager describes the search for the cause; photos by Anthony Suau.)

jade; Mayan ruins; James Madison; Iriquois; carbon dioxide explosions in the lakes of Cameroon. Includes map of the United States

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National Geographic - August 1987, Vol. 172, No. 2

Africa’s Sahel: The Stricken Land (Catastrophe looms for an abused realm on the Sahara’s southern fringe. William S. Ellis and photographer Steve McCurry report on the high tragedy of land on the way to being desert.)
Rock Art, Oasis of Art in the Sahara (Ethno-archaeologist Henri Lhote interprets rock paintings in a mysterious gallery created by prehistoric peoples of Algeria. Photographs by Kazuyoshi Nomachi.)
Canada’s Fur-trading Empire: Three Centuries of the Hudson’s Bay Company (Once the largest corporate landowner in the world, “the Bay” remains the oldest chartered company anywhere. Peter C. Newman and photographer Kevin Fleming assess the fortunes of the Company of Adventurers.)
Indianapolis (Indiana): City on the Rebound
Giants of the Wilderness: Alaskan Moose

The Sahel region of Africa; prehistoric rock art in the Sahara; Hudson's Bay Company; Indianapolis; Alaskan Moose.

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National Geographic - July 1987, Vol. 172, No. 1

The Making of America (Map Series #15 of 17): Great Lakes
The Great Lakes’ Troubled Waters
At the Crossroads of Kathmandu (Nepal): New Forces Challenge the Gods (With a spiritual strength honed by centuries of isolation, the Nepalese of Kathmandu Valley have opened their lives to the secular world and its distinctly modern problems. Douglas H. Chadwick and William Thomson report.)
The Prodigious Soybean (This ubiquitous legume keeps cropping up in more places than we can imagine. Fred Hapgood and photographer Chris Johns trace its history and assess its potential to help feed a hungry world.)
They Stopped the Sea: A tide of human muscle dikes a river (In a model development project, described by its chief engineer Hans van Duivendijk, human muscle dams the Feni River in Bangladesh. Photographs by Pablo Bartholomew.)
Homeland of the Haida: Canada’s Queen Charlotte Islands (Off Canada’s west coast, Moira Johnston and Dewitt Jones record a logging controversy that both threatens and unites the remnants of a proud people fighting to save their heritage.)
Hidden Life of the Timber Rattlesnake (Herpetologist William S. Brown and photographer Bianca Lavies portray a little-known, beleaguered reptile whose habitat in the eastern United States is shrinking.)

the Great Lakes; Kathmandu, Nepal; Bangladesh; Canada's Queen Charlotte Islands; the soybean; timber rattlesnakes.

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National Geographic - June 1987, Vol. 171, No. 6

Tracking Tornadoes
George Washington’s Patowmack Canal: Waterway That Led to the Constitution (Lifelong dream of America’s first President, this “great national Work,” begun in 1785 to bind the frontier West with eastern seaports, was a first step on the way to the Constitutional Convention. By Wilbur E. Garrett, with photographs by Kenneth Garrett.)
Gray Whales: At Play in Baja’s San Ignacio Lagoon (Dr. Steven L. Swartz and Mary Lou Jones tell of a six-year study of the gray whale, once almost hunted out of existence, at a Mexican breeding site. Photographs by Francois Gohier.)
Laos Today (How have the free-spirited people of this Southeast Asian nation adjusted to decade of Communist rule? Assistant editor Peter T. White and photographer Seny Norasingh report.)
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Pride of Two Nations (Canada and the U.S. deal with mounting pressure on the vast mountain preserve that straddles the border between Montana and Alberta. David S. Boyer and Lowell Georgia portray its problems and splendors.)
Sealed in Time: Ice Entombs an Eskimo Family for Five Centuries (A surge of sea ice slams onto Alaska’s north coast, burying a house and its occupants. Five centuries later archaeologist Albert A. Dekin, Jr., unravels the tragic story. Photographs by Victor R. Boswell, Jr., and Scott Rutherford, paintings by James M. Gurney.)

TORNADOES; PATOWMACK CANAL; MEXICO’S GRAY WHALES; LAOS; WATERTON-GLACIER PEACE PARK, CANADA-U.S.; and ENTOMBED ALASKA ESKIMO FAMILY.

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National Geographic - May 1987, Vol. 171, No. 5

At Home With the Artic Wolf (In Canada’s far north, wildlife biologist L. David Mech and photographer Jim Brandenburg win the trust of a wolf pack and record the behavior of the elusive animals at remarkably close range.)
Ukraine (Fifty million Ukrainians struggle to maintain their language, their religious faith, and their sense of identity in a Soviet Republic larger than France. But they tread a fine line, senior writer Mike Edwards and photographer Steve Raymer report.)
Chernobyl, One Year After (Mike Edwards and Steve Raymer visit the region of the world’s worst nuclear-power accident to learn what really happened and what the long-range consequences may be.)
New Zealand: The Last Utopia?
The Captivating Kiwifruit

CANADA’S ARCTIC WOLF; UKRAINE; CHERNOBYL; NEW ZEALAND; and, KIWIFRUIT.

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National Geographic - April 1987, Vol. 171, No. 4

Double Supplement: Antarctica / Pinnipeds Around the World
The High Andes: South America’s Islands in the Sky (In words and photographs, Loren McIntyre explores traditional Indian communities and bustling cities, all surviving in thin air amid South America’s loftiest mountains.)
Kayaking the Amazon: Through Wild Andes Rapids (An international team becomes the first to navigate the fabled river from wild headwaters to mouth. Piotr Chmielinski describes the six-month, 4,000-mile adventure. Photographs by Zbigniew Bzdak.)
Seals and Their Kin (From the sunny beaches of California to the frigid shores of Antarctica, wildlife biologist Roger L. Gentry studies Pinnipeds, the fin-footed walruses, seals, and sea lions.)
Air Pollution, An Atmosphere of Uncertainty
The Antarctic Challenge, by Sir Peter Scott (son of Robert Falcon Scott)
In the Footsteps of Scott (Retracing the 1911-12 route to the South Pole of British explorer Robert Falcon Scott, a three-man expedition encounters similar risks. Robert Swan reports, with an introduction by the explorer’s son, Sir Peter Scott, describing the challenge of the Antarctic.)
Antarctica (The current political, economic, and ecological status of the southernmost continent is outlined by Pritt J. Vesilind. With a supplement map and chart, Pinnipeds Around the World.)

the Andes mountains; the Amazon river; seals and their kin; air pollution; Antarctica.

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National Geographic - March 1987, Vol. 171, No. 3

Australia’s Southern Seas: A Cold, Rich World Beneath the Southern Cross (The ocean down under roils with a wealth of marine life. But when Richard Ellis and photographer David Doubilet joined fishermen seeking abalone, prawn, and rock lobster, they were also invading the hunting ground of the great white shark.)
North Dakota: Tough Times on the Prairie
Brazil: Moment of Promise & Pain
Monkeys in Peril: Rescuing Brazil’s Muriqui
Mysteries of the Peat Bog (One of nature’s special gifts, peat is fuel, medicine, soil conditioner, and preserver of the past. Louise E. Levathes and photographer Fred Bavendam report on a dwindling resource.)

Australia; Brazil; the muriqui monkey of Brazil; North Dakota; bogs.

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National Geographic - February 1987, Vol. 171, No. 2

The Making of America (Map Series #14of 17): New England
Madagascar: A World Apart
Iceland: Life Under the Glaciers
A Tunnel Through Time: The Appalachian Trail
Shakespeare Lives at the Folger (Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.) (The world’s greatest collection of rare books and memorabilia about the Bard and a revitalized theater evoke the Elizabethan age in Washington, D.C., says Merle Severy. Photographs by Nathan Benn.)
Caesarea Maritima (Israel): Herod’s City on the Sea (On the Israeli coast, archaeologist Robert L. Hohlfelder charts and explores the Roman port of Caesarea Maritima.)
The Royal Spoonbill (Biologist-photographer M. Philip Kahl travels to Australia for a close look at one of the most spectacular waterbirds anywhere.)

Iceland; Madagascar; the Appalachian Trail; William Shakespeare; Caesarea Maratima, Israel; the royal spoonbill of Australia.

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National Geographic - January 1987, Vol. 171, No. 1

Medicine’s New Vision (Incredible machines that can peer into the human body as never before are helping physicians save lives. Veteran journalist Howard Sochurek describes these new technologies from firsthand experience.)
California Desert, A Worldly Wilderness (Author Barry Lopez and photographer Craig Aurness explore a fragile domain where competing interests of industry, the military, and the public have sparked a broad effort to manage the land.)
Ice on the World (Advancing and retreating over the eons, water in its solid state has helped shape earth’s face and climate. Senior Assistant Editor Samuel W. Matthews explores the role of ice from the Arctic to the South Pole.)
Glaciers on the Move (Why does Alaska’s mighty Hubbard race forward while neighboring Columbia retreats? The case of the contrary glaciers intrigues scientists, who seek keys to ice-mass dynamics.)
Slovakia’s Spirit of Survival (Traveling the mountains of eastern Czechoslovakia, photojournalists Yva Momatiuk and John Eastcott discover the old ways lingering in a changing land.)

medical imaging technologies; California desert; ice (ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, hail, man-made ice); Slovakia.

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National Geographic - December 1986, Vol. 170, No. 6

The Making of America (Map Series #13 of 17): Northern Plains (A double supplement traces the center of our continent from frontier days to the present.)
A Long Last Look at Titanic, by Robert D. Ballard (Robert D. Ballard, co-leader of the expedition that found the historic shipwreck last year, returns for a detailed exploration, aided by two ingenious seeing-eye undersea vehicles.)
Westminster, the Palace that Became Parliament (Over the centuries a onetime royal residence in London has been transformed into the permanent home of Britain’s lawmaking body. Patrick Cormack, member of the House of Commons, traces its history and traditions. Photographs by Adam Woolfitt.)
Halley’s Comet ’86: Much More Than Met the Eye (The dazzling traveler that many watchers missed revealed its secrets to telescope, spacecraft, and jet aircraft, Rick Gore reports.)
Ghosts on the Little Bighorn: Custer and the warriors of the plains (After a 1983 prairie fire cleared brush along Montana’s Little Bighorn River, archaeologists recovered artifacts that shed new light on Custer’s Last Stand. Robert Paul Jordan reports on the still controversial 1876 battle. Photographs by Scott Rutherford.)
Tsetse, Fly of the Deadly Sleep (Scourge to cattle and humans alike in Africa, the tsetse fly stirs debate over land us. Georg Gerster investigates the continuing war to control the insect.)

TITANIC by Robert D. BALLARD; BRITAIN’S WESTMINSTER PALACE, LONDON; HALLEY’S COMET; CUSTER’S LITTLE BIGHORN, MONTANA; and, TSETSE FLY.

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Price: $2.00 Supplement alone (6 available)

National Geographic - November 1986, Vol. 170, No.5

Double Map Supplement: Where Columbus Found the New World
Where Columbus Found the New World (probably Acklins Island, Samana Cay, Bahamas)
Tracking Columbus Across the Atlantic
15th-Century Manuscript Yields First Look at Nina
Tokyo (Japan), A Profile of Success
A Little Humanity: The International Committee of the Red Cross
New Eyes for the Dark Reveal the World of Sharks at 2,000 Feet
Laos: March 29, 1972: Missing in Action (U.S. Plane Found in Laos)

COLUMBUS: SAMANA CAY, BAHAMAS; NINA; TOKYO, JAPAN; RED CROSS; DEEP-SEA LIFE; and, LAOS MIA PLANE FOUND.

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National Geographic - October 1986, Vol. 170, No. 4

Are the Soviets Ahead in Space?: A Generation After Sputnik
At the Birth of Nations In The Far Pacific (Now the more than 2,000 islands, with a population of some 160,000, will be divided into the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Palau, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. Territory.) (A U.S. trust territory transforms itself into three new countries and a commonwealth, with America as godparent. Carolyn Bennett Patterson investigates the metamorphosis of these far-flung islands. Photographs by David Hiser and Melinda Berge.)
The Dutch Touch (The people of the Netherlands successfully cope with problems that might swamp a larger nation with a less practical approach.)
Man Against the Sea: The Oosterschelde Barrier (The Dutch cap an ambitious 30-year engineering project with the giant Oosterschelde surge barrier to protect a major estuary. Larry Kohl tells how it will work.)
Red Deer: The Ancient Quarry (Whether the prize of an English hunt or the product of a New Zealand farm, red deer have long been important to man. British zoologist T. H. Clutton-Brock assesses their global status today; photographs by Jim Brandenburg.)
Red Deer: A Scottish Dynasty (Dr. Clutton-Brock describes a 14-year research effort on the isle of Rhum.)

The Soviet space program; new Pacific nations in Micronesia; The Netherlands; The Oosterschelde barrier; red deer.

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National Geographic - September 1986, Vol. 170, No.3

Take Part In A Special Survey of Smell
North to the Pole: Five men and a woman make Arctic history (Five men and a woman reach the top of the earth in the first successful dogsled expedition without resupply since Peary’s in 1909. Co-leader Will Steger tells of their trek, with photographs by the author and Jim Brandenburg.)
Skiing Alone to the Pole (French doctor Jean-Louis Etienne makes a solo dash across the Arctic ice.)
The Intimate Sense of Smell (More than our eyes or ears, our nose stirs our deepest memories, reports Boyd Gibbons. Photographs by Louie Psihoyos. Participate in a special Smell Survey to help scientists learn more about this mysterious sense.)
Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland (The few survivors of a community that totaled three and a half million before World War II tell their stories to Polish journalist Malgorzata Niezabitowska and her husband, photographer Tomasz Tomaszewski.)
Meteorites, Invaders from Space (Most shooting stars of the night sky burn up before impact, but a few strike earth with cataclysmic results. Kenneth F. Weaver and Jonathan Blair document what can happen.)

NORTH POLE DOGSLED EXPEDITION; SKIING SOLO TO THE POLE; SENSE OF SMELL; LAST JEWS OF POLAND; and, METEORITES.

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National Geographic - August 1986, Vol. 170, No.2

The Making of America (Map Series #12 of 17): Pacific Northwest
The Itch to Move West: Life and Death on the Oregon Trail (Retracing the Oregon Trail, Boyd Gibbons and photographer James L. Amos recount the adventure of half a million pioneers who struggled west seeking a better life. The latest Making of America map supplement, Pacific Northwest, portrays their goal.)
Uranus: Voyager Visits a Dark Planet (Images beamed to Earth by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, Rick Gore reports, raise as many questions as they answer about the mysterious seventh planet from the sun.)
The Quest for Ulysses (In a modern-day odyssey, adventurer Tim Severin sets sail in the wake of Homer’s classical hero. Photographs by Kevin Fleming.)
Argentina’s New Beginning
High Road to Victory: Soviet and U.S. Climbers Conquer Pik Pobedy (Joining a Soviet assault on 24,406-foot Pik Pobedy, Peak of Victory, William Garner and Randy Starrett become the first Americans to climb the four highest mountains in the U.S.S.R. Photos by Medford Taylor.)
Marauders of the Jungle Floor (Tracking voracious hunters on organized raids, Harvard graduate student Mark W. Moffett learns new secrets of the ant world.)

OREGON TRAIL; VOYAGER 2: URANUS; HOMER’S ULYSSES; ARGENTINA; PIK POBEDY, U.S.S.R.; and, ANTS.

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National Geographic - July 1986, Vol. 170, No.1

Map Supplement: The Philippines (A double supplement traces the 7,100-island group from geologic origin to today’s unrest.)
Liberty Lefts Her Lamp Once More (The great lady who welcomed millions of immigrants to America celebrates her first hundred years. Her biography, from conception to restoration, is recounted by Alice J. Hall.)
New York Harbor, The Golden Door
The Untamed Fraser River: British Columbia’s Lifeline
The Philippines: A Time of Hope and Danger
Corregidor Revisited: 43 Years After the Siege (Forty-three years after the World War II siege, William Graves returns to the Philippine fortress that he escaped by submarine. With photographs by Steve McCurry.)
Model Airplanes: To Dream, to Build… And Then to Fly

STATUE OF LIBERTY; NEW YORK HARBOR; FRASER RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA; THE PHILIPPINES; CORREGIDOR, PHILIPPINES; and, MODEL AIRPLANES.

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National Geographic - June 1986, Vol. 169, No. 6

Our Immune System: The Wars Within (An army of special cells on continuous search-and-destroy missions guards the body against disease: but cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and the deadly AIDS virus prove mighty enemies. Peter Jaret reports on the battlefront. Photographs by Lennart Nilsson.)
Australia’s Tea and Sugar Train: Lifeline in Australia’s Outback (You can get almost anything, from beer to sermons, when this freight rolls into isolated towns on the bleak Nullarbor Plain.)
The World of Tolstoy (With broad vision and sympathy for all mankind, this Russian literary giant wrote novels for the ages and helped mold the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.)
Tracking the Elusive Snow Leopard (Solitary hunter of Himalayan slopes, the snow leopard is one of earth’s rarest large cats. By radio signals, Rodney Jackson and Darla Hillard follow the carnivores through Nepal’s rugged Langu Gorge.)
Bikini: A Way of Life Lost (Can the citizens of Bikini Atoll, evacuated from this atomic test site 40 years ago, ever return to their Pacific island home? William S. Ellis investigates their options, and James P. Blair photographs their plight.)

the human immune system; the Tea and Sugar Train in Australia; Leo Tolstoy; snow leopards; Bikini Atoll.

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National Geographic - May 1986, Vol. 169, No. 5

The Serengeti: A Photographic Portfolio (The endless drama of Africa’s great animal preserve is captured by photographer Mitsuaki Iwago. Author Shana Alexander attunes herself to the area’s timeless rhythms of predator and prey, and finds poachers upsetting a once balanced ecosystem.)
The Serengeti: The Glory of Life
Rising, Shining Tennessee (New industry and a fresh appreciation of down-home values lift the Volunteer State toward a brighter time, Prit Vesilind and photographer Karen Kasmauski report.)
When the Earth Moves: Shifting plates trigger two major disasters (Shifting crustal plates trigger cataclysms that take more than 32,000 lives in Mexico and Colombia, raising questions about man’s ability to forecast natural catastrophe.)
Eruption in Colombia: 23,000 villagers perish in volcanic mudflows (Volcanic heat melts glacial ice, releasing a mudflow that engulfs the town of Armero. Bart McDowell and photographer Steve Raymer survey the disaster scene.)
Earthquake in Mexico: New clues to prediction, but are we prepared? (A continent-wrenching jolt registering 8.1 on the Richter scale kills more than 9.000. By Allen A. Boraiko, with photographs by James L. Stanfield and Guillermo Aldana E.)
Newfoundland (Canada): The Enduring Rock

THE SERENGETI, AFRICA; TENNESSEE; VOLCANIC ERUPTION, COLOMBIA; MEXICO EARTHQUAKE; and, NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA.

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National Geographic - April 1986, Vol. 169, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Central America (A double supplement charts the region from pre-Columbian times to modern upheaval.)
Rio Azul: Archaeologists Explore Guatemala’s Lost City of the Maya (Probing 1,500-year-old tombs, Richard E. W. Adams rediscovers an ancient urban center of Maya power in the Guatemalan lowlands. With photographs by George F. Mobley.)
Looters Rob Graves and History (Priceless artifacts are lost to armed gangs and unscrupulous dealers, says Ian Graham.)
In Defense of the Collector (Outrage over illegal traffic in antiquities may thwart the work of honest collectors, warns Gillett G. Griffin.)
Panama: Ever at the Crossroads (Wrestling with political and economic change, Panama prepares to take full control of its vital canal. By Charles E. Cobb, Jr., and photographer Danny Lehman.)
Under Antarctic Ice (Diving in McMurdo Sound, photographer Bill Curtsinger records creatures and ice in strange forms.)
Japanese American’s: Home at Last (Interned during World War II, Americans of Japanese descent are hailed today as a high-achieving Model minority. Arthur Zich and Michael S. Yamashita tell their story.)
Africa’s Flying Foxes: Gentle Fliers of the African Night (Bat expert Merlin D. Tuttle extols the beneficial role of endangered flying fox bats.)

the Mayan city Rio Azul in Guatemala; Panama; the world underneath the ice of Antarctica; Japanese Americans; flying foxes.

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National Geographic - March 1986, Vol. 169, No.3

The Making of America (Map Series #11 of 17): Texas
Secrets of the Wild Panda (China)
Sam Houston: A Man Too Big for Texas
Morocco’s Ancient City of Fez (Fez el Bali, Fez the Old….A medieval time capsule, the Islamic center lives in the past while fighting an exodus to its nearby modern counterpart.)
Narwhals (Whales): Artic Unicorns (Flip Nicklin captures photographs of bizarre duels among these little-known denizens of northern seas, being studied by biologists John and Deborah Ford.)
The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway: Bounty or Boondoggle? (Is the new barge route linking the Tennessee and Tombigbee Rivers another pork barrel, or will the two-billion-dollar project boost the South? Carolyn Bennett Patterson and photographer Sandy Felsenthal report.)
To Scotland Afoot Along the Pennine Way (David Yeadon walks the 270-mile trail from central England into Scotland. Photographs by Annie Griffiths.)

WILD PANDA, CHINA; SAM HOUSTON; ANCIENT FEZ, MOROCCO; NARWHAL WHALES; TENN-TOM WATERWAY; and, PENNINE WAY, ENGLAND-SCOTLAND.

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National Geographic - February 1986, Vol. 169, No. 2

Madrid: The Change in Spain
Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear (Grand in size and mystique, the grizzly has been diminished by relentless erosion of its habitat. Is North America big enough for the big bear? Asks naturalist Douglas Chadwick.)
Banaras: India’s City of Light
Tide Pools: Windows Between Land and Sea
Ndebele People: Pioneers in Their Own Land (Offered nominal independence in a homeland, South Africa’s Ndebele people cope with daily survival in a nation beset by increasing violence over its apartheid policy. David Jeffery and South African photographer Peter Magubane report.)

Madrid, Span; grizzly bears; Banaras, India; the Ndebele of South Africa.

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National Geographic - January 1986, Vol. 169, No. 1

Queensland: Broad Shoulder of Australia
Freshwater Turtles, Designed for Survival
C.M. Russell, Cowboy Artist
Switzerland: The Clockwork Country
On Canada’s Hood River: Clues to a Tragic Trek (John W. Lentz and photographer Todd Buchanan find relics of the First Canadian expedition of Sir John Franklin, whose quest for the Northwest Passage ended in tragedy.)

Queensland, Australia; freshwater turtles; cowboy artist C. M. Russell; Switzerland; Hood river, Canada.

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National Geographic - December 1985, Vol. 168, No. 6

The Making of America (Map Series #10 of 17): Ohio Valley
How We Found TITANIC, by Robert D. Ballard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, In association with Jean-Louis Michel, Institut Francais De Recherches Pour L’Exploitation Des Mers (Ifremer) (A U.S.-French scientific expedition, led by Robert D. Ballard and Jean-Louis Michel, uses high technology to locate the wrecked liner two and a half miles down in the North Atlantic and record unforgettable images.)
Vatican City (The world’s smallest sovereign state is also the powerful heart and headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and its 800 million members. James Fallows and photographer James L. Stanfield provide an intimate tour, including a closeup perspective of the Vatican’s premier citizen: Pope John Paul II.)
Treasures of the Vatican (Drawn from the centuries, select masterpieces in the Vatican’s dazzling collection are revealed by staff photographers James L. Stanfield and Victor R. Boswell, Jr.)
Nicaragua: Nation in Conflict (Mike Edwards travels the length and breadth of this key Central American nation to report on the Sandinista revolution, now entering its seventh year. Photographs by veteran combat cameraman James Nachtwey.)
Daniel Boone: First Hero of the Frontier (Sorting fact from fiction, Elizabeth A. Moize tells the story of the legendary frontier hero. Photographs by William Strode.)

TITANIC by Robert D. BALLARD; VATICAN CITY; VATICAN TREASURES; NICARAGUA; and, DANIEL BOONE.

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National Geographic - November 1985, Vol. 168, No. 5

HOLOGRAPHIC Cover of EARLY MAN SKULL (Fossil skull of a five-year-old child, preserved for more than a million years in a South African cave, appears actual size in three dimensions in a hologram, best viewed under a single lamp or in direct sunlight. Produced by the American Bank Note Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of International Banknote Company, Inc.)
Double Map Supplement: Canada and Its Vacationlands
The Search for Our Ancestors: Stones, Bones, and Early Man (The origins of mankind have intrigued science for centuries. Kenneth F. Weaver and photographer David L. Brill traveled the world to learn the latest interpretations of the fossil record. Paintings by Jay H. Matternes.)
Homo Erectus Unearthed: A Fossil Skeleton 1,600,000 Years Old (Kenya’s backcountry yields a 1.6-million-year-old fossilized boy, the best preserved, most complete skeleton of an early human yet found. Excavators Richard Leakey and Alan Walker report. Photos by David L. Brill.)
Kluane: Canada’s Icy Wilderness Park (Nature governs the Kluane reserve, an enormous fastness of glaciers, peaks, and forests, where Douglas Lee and George F. Mobley share an adventure pairing danger and beauty. Veteran climber Barry C. Bishop recounts a century of St. Elias mountaineering.)
The Great Good Places: English Country Houses (English country houses have long been showcases of the upper classes. Architectural historian Mark Girouard and photographer Fred J. Maroon tour these incomparable monuments to life in the grand manner.)

Supplement - Canada's Vacation Lands

Fossils of prehumans; Kluane National Park in Canada; English country houses.

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National Geographic - October 1985, Vol. 168, No. 4

Wreck of the H.M.S. Pandora: Tragic sequel to Bounty mutiny, Found on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (Luis Marden, who found the Bounty’s remains 28 years ago, dives on the vessel sent in pursuit of the mutineers. Pandora foundered on an Australian reef with manacled prisoners still inside a deckhouse cell.)
The Two Samoas, Still Coming of Age (Sharing a common heritage, American and Western Samoa follow different paths. Robert Booth and Melinda Berge explore these South Pacific islands.)
Arabia’s Frankincense Trail (Great Kingdoms arose on wealth derived from the fragrant resin coveted throughout the ancient world. Thomas J. Abercrombie and Lynn Abercrombie retrace the route of the camel caravans through Arabian lands little changed since the trade’s heyday.)
The Usumacinta River: Troubles on a Wild Frontier Border (Exploring the river that separates Mexico and Guatemala, S. Jeffrey K. Wilkerson and David Hiser trek a dense tropical rain forest that shelters ancient Maya ruins and all-too-modern guerrilla bases. Proposed dams threaten the region’s heritage and ecology.)
The Triumphant Trumpeter Swan (The world’s largest wild swan was thought to nee nearly extinct 50 years ago. Charles A. Bergman and Art Wolfe relate its surprisingly successful status today.)

the wreck of the H.M.S. Pandora; Western Samoa and American Samoa; the frankincense trail in Arabia; the Usumacinta River in Mexico and Guatemala; trumpeter swans.

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National Geographic - September 1985, Vol. 168, No. 3

The Making of America (Map Series #9 of 17): Central Plains
Sichuan: Where China Changes Course (Traveling through China’s most populous province, Ross Terrill and photographer Cary Wolinsky discover a new spirit of individualism and private enterprise flourishing.)
Humboldt’s Way: Pioneer of Modern Geography (A man of unrivaled curiosity, Alexander von Humboldt explored Spanish America and wrote towering 19th-century scientific works. Loren McIntyre follows the German baron’s New World travels from Orinoco jungles to meetings with President Thomas Jefferson.)
Home to Kansas
Eritrea: Region in Rebellion (In northern Ethiopia, Marxists fight Marxists in a bloody war whose only winners are famine and disease. Photojournalist Anthony Suau reports on the suffering.)
Jason’s Voyage: In Search of the Golden Fleece (Battling currents treacherous even for tankers, modern-day Argonauts pass Istanbul as they strain to row up the Bosporus. Journeying across the Aegean to the Black Sea, adventurer Tim Severin and crew put flesh on the legendary quest of Jason and the Argonauts. Photographs by John Egan and Seth Mortimer.)

SICHUAN, CHINA; ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT, EXPLORER; KANSAS; ERITREA, ETHIOPIA; and, JASON and the ARGONAUTS.

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National Geographic - August 1985, Vol. 168, No. 2

Supplement: Earth’s Dynamic Crust/The Shaping of a Continent (The movements of vast tectonic plates and a profile of a chunk of western North America are portrayed in this double map supplement.)
Our Restless Planet Earth (Slowly, inexorably, the face of our world is changing. New tools help scientists tell where we’ve been and where we’re going. Rock Gore and photographer James A. Sugar document the latest discoveries.)
Fossils: Annals of Life Written in Rock (From the birth of microscopic bacteria 3.4 billion years ago to a 25-million-year-old saber-toothed cat fight, secrets of Earth’s history are chronicled in rock. By James L. Amos and David Jeffery.)
The Pearl
Senegambia, A Now and Future Nation (Already united by cultural heritage of their people, two governments have joined forces in transportation, defense, and communications. Michael and Aubine Kirtley explore the confederation of Senegal and the Gambia.)
The Land Where the Murray Flows (From mountains to sea, Louise E. Levathes and David Robert Austen follow the problems and promise of the Murray River, lifeblood of Australia’s major agricultural region.)

PLANET EARTH; FOSSILS; PEARLS; SENEGAL and the GAMBIA; and, MURRAY RIVER, AUSTRALIA.

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National Geographic - July 1985, Vol. 168, No. 1

Israel: Searching for the Center
Discovery in Labrador (Canada): A 16th-Century Basque Whaling Port and Its Sunken Fleet (Among the first to reap treasures of the New World, Basque voyagers made the Labrador coast the center of a booming oil industry. Archaeologists James A. Tuck and Robert Grenier describe the discovery of a 400-year-old whaling station and sunken ships; Robert Laxalt traces the Basques’ history and long record of exploration. Photos by Bill Cursinger and paintings by Richard Schecht.)
Hampton Roads (Virginia), Where the Rivers End (Since colonial times this protected Virginia roadstead has been a vital shipping artery. William S. Ellis and Karen Kasmauski explore rejuvenated Norfolk, Portsmouth, Newport News, Hampton, and their environs.)
Iran Under the Ayatollah (Photojournalist Michael Coyne, with a team of Australian filmmakers invited to Iran by its revolutionary leaders, found a nation locked in religious fervor and an ongoing war.)
Saving the World’s Largest Flower (Deep in the rain forests of southeastern Asia, botanist William Meijer seeks rare specimens of a spectacular plant with yard-wide blossoms…. Rafflesia arnoldii blooms in a handful of localities on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. )

Israel; 16th century Basque whaling; Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Iran under the Ayatollah.

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National Geographic - June 1985, Vol. 167, No. 6

Famous Cover: Haunting eyes and a tattered garment tell the plight of a girl who fled her native Afghanistan for a refugee camp in Pakistan. Photograph by Steve McCurry.
The Rising Great Salt Lake, No Way to Run a Desert (Utah)
U.S.-Mexican Border: Life on the Line
In The Shadow of Krakatau: Return of Java’s Wildlife (A century after the eruption of Krakatau devastated a wide swath of the Javanese mainland, Dieter and Mary Plage find that plant and animal life has returned in abundance to an area left desolate, now a national park.)
Along Afghanistan’s War-torn Frontier (Daring the border, Debra Denker and Steve McCurry join Afghans who fight and those who flee in a stalemated war that has killed countless civilians and forced a quarter of the population into exile.)
Fair Skies for the Cayman Islands

the rising Great Salt Lake; the U.S. - Mexico border; wildlife in Java; the frontier in Afghanistan; the Cayman Islands. THE FAMOUS AFGHAN GIRL COVER.

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National Geographic - May 1985, Vol. 167, No. 5

Vietnam Veterans Memorial: America Remembers
Echoes of a War, by Timothy S. Kolly (Recollection and fellowship, says veteran Timothy S. Kolly, may help…)
To Heal a Nation, by Joel L. Swerdlow (Born of one man’s crusade, a memorial to those who served begins reconciliation with a war that still haunts us. )
Editor’s Postscript: Southeast Asia Ten Years Later, by W. E. Garrett (The conflict goes on, both within and between the nations of Southeast Asia.)
Journey Up The Nile, River of Legend (Following earth’s longest river to its source, Robert Caputo journeys from the Mediterranean to the Mountains of the Moon.)
World’s Within the Atom (Scientists delve into the ultimate structure of matter with mammoth machines and mind-boggling mathematics. )
A Short Hike with Bob Marshall (Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana: Backpacking through the preserve named for a pioneer of our wilderness system, Mike Edwards and Dewitt Jones trace Marshall’s strenuous life and battles for conservation.)
Wilderness Battle, Battle for a Bigger Bob (Should the Bob Marshall Wilderness be expanded? Mike Edwards finds energy firms contending with champions of grizzlies and elk.)

Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, D.C.; the Nile River; the atom and particle physics Bob Marshall; the Bob Marshall Wilderness in Montana.

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National Geographic - April 1985, Vol. 167, No. 4

Traveler’s Map of The Alps
Those Eternal Austrians
NR-1; The Navy’s Inner-Space Shuttle (Geologist Robert D. Ballard uses the Navy’s nuclear-powered research sub to explore the Atlantic floor. Photos by Emory Kristof.)
Focus on India: Festivals Across U.S. Celebrate a Diverse Culture
Paradise on Earth: When the Moguls Ruled (Exquisite palaces, mosques, and gardens graced an empire often torn by dynastic warfare. Mike Edwards and Roland Michaud record the glory of the Moguls, who ruled the Indian subcontinent for more than 300 years.)
Kabul: Afghanistan’s Troubled Capital (Life goes on in the Afghanistan capital despite the rockets of war, Mike Edwards and photographer Steve Raymer discover.)
New Delhi: Mirror of India
Isle Royale (Michigan): A North Woods Park Primeval (Amid chill Lake Superior lies a wilderness testing ground for wolves, moose, and other wildlife. John L. Eliot and Mitch Kezar explore this seldom visited national park.)

AUSTRIANS; NR-1, by ROBERT D. BALLARD; INDIA Festivals in America; MOGULS; KABUL, AFGHANISTAN; NEW DELHI, INDIA; and, ISLE ROYALE NATIONAL PARK, MICHIGAN.

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National Geographic - March 1985, Vol. 167, No. 3

Viking Trail East: When the Rus Invaded Russia (Crossing the Baltic into northern Europe’s Slavic heartland, early Scandinavians raided and traded down the Dnieper and Volga Rivers. Robert Paul Jordan, photographer Jim Brandenburg, and artist Michael A. Hampshire re-create a tumultuous era.)
Hazardous Waste: Storing Up Trouble…
Susquehanna: America’s Small-Town River (From central New York State to the Chesapeake Bay, Peter Miller and William T. Douthitt follow this major yet quiet river as it meanders past the homes of farmers, steelworkers, and coal miners.)
Miniature Horses (R. L. Blakely and photographer Thomas Nebbia capture the spirit of lovable equines that measure less than three feet tall.)
Of Spirits and Saints: Haiti’s Voodoo Pilgrimages (Magic and religion merge in voodoo, the folk cult of Haiti. Carole Devillers joins pilgrim festivals in which African ancestral spirits and church saints are equally celebrated.)

NORTHERN EUROPE’S VIKINGS; HAZARDOUS WASTE; SUSQUEHANNA RIVER; MINIATURE HORSES; and, HAITI.

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National Geographic - February 1985, Vol. 167, No. 2

The Making of America (Map Series #8 of 17): Northern Approaches
The Poppy: For Good and Evil
The Mummies of Qilakitsoq (Startlingly well preserved, 500-year-old Inuit bodies offer new insights into the life of the early Greenlanders.)
Maine’s Working Coast (Threading harbors, inlets, and islands, David Jeffery and Kevin Fleming meet the lobstermen, boatbuilders, and entrepreneurs who carve a living from this granite shore.)
Time Catches Up with Mongolia (Former masters of Asia, Mongolians reach for industrial strength under Soviet Guidance. Thomas B. Allen and photographer Dean Conger document some time warps.)
Balloon Solo: The Long, Lonely Flight (First transatlantic solo balloonist, Joe W. Kittinger, Jr., describes the three and a half days aloft that won him that title as well as the record for solo flight distance.)

THE POPPY; QILAKITSOQ, GREENLAND INUIT MUMMIES; MAINE; MONGOLIA; and, TRANSATLANTIC BALLOON SOLO.

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National Geographic - January 1985, Vol. 167, No. 1

The Planets: Between Fire and Ice (From Mercury to Pluto, planetary exploration is adding new knowledge about the origins and possible future of our solar system. Rick Gore profiles our neighbors in spaces, marveling that life on Earth thrives in such a narrow niche between unlivable extremes)
Yosemite-Forever? (Yosemite National Park, California)
The New Face of Baghdad: Iraq at War (In Iraq’s booming capital William S. Ellis and Steve McCurry discover that the nation’s devastating five-year-old war with Iran is out of sight and seemingly out of mind.)
Koko’s Kitten (Using sign language, Koko the gorilla asked for a cat. Jarie Vessels and photographer Ronald H. Cohn portray the 230-pound great ape’s gentle reactions to her gift.)
Jamaica: Hard Times, High Hopes

The solar system; Yosemite National Park in California; Baghdad, Iraq; gorilla Koko and her pet kitten All Ball; Jamaica.

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National Geographic - December 1984, Vol. 166, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Peoples of South Asia
Monsoons: Life Breath of Half the World (Seasonal rains each year bring both havoc and renewal to half the world’s population. Priit J. Vesilind and Steve McCurry follow the great monsoons.)
Tiger! Lord of the Indian Jungle
The Unknown Giants: Rare Look at Sperm and Blue Whales (How do the heirs of Moby Dick communicate and socialize? Zoologist Hal Whitehead tells of sperm whale studies in the Indian Ocean. As a bonus, blue whales paid the scientists a visit. Photographs by Flip Nicklin.)
A Journey Down Old U.S. 1 (The first highway from Maine to Florida is today largely bypassed and much abused, but Bruce Dale finds glorious stretches and fascinating people along the way.)
Beyond Supermouse: Changing Life’s Genetic Blueprint (Hope and controversy surround the fast-developing field of biotechnology. Geneticist Robert F. Weaver and photographer Ted Spiegel report on the promise for agriculture, animal husbandry, medicine, and energy.)

MONSOONS; SOUTH ASIA; INDIA’S TIGERS; SPERM and BLUE WHALES; OLD U.S. 1 HIGHWAY; and, BIOTECHNOLOGY.

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National Geographic - November 1984, Vol. 166, No. 5

A Lot of Trouble and a Few Triumphs for North American Waterfowl (As development gobbles 458,000 acres of wetlands annually, the future of North America’s water birds lies ever more in human hands. John Madson surveys management efforts and reports some losses, some gains.)
Africa Adorned: A Continent Speaks Through Its Decorative Art (With a twist of the hair or beads dangling from an ear, the peoples of Africa communicate age, exploits, or marital status. Angela Fisher lived among Africans across the continent for seven years learning this language of body decoration.)
Icebound in Antarctica (Challenging winter in Antarctica, author David Lewis and crew used their frozen-in ship as a research base, and sea ice as a highway. Despite difficulties, the expedition, studied and photographed by anthropologist Mimi George, met all its goals.
Chocolate: Food of the Gods (Mankind delights in it, woos with it, and profits from it. Gordon Young follows the chocolate road from cacao groves through candy factories to the world of high finance. James L. Stanfield and Sisse Brimberg document the tasty trail.)
Marking Time in Grenada (A year after Bloody Wednesday, Charles E. Cobb, Jr., and David Alan Harvey find Grenadians looking to an influx of U.S. aid and hoping for a boom in tourism to create the economic base vital to their recovery.)

American waterfowl; body decorations of Africans; Antarctica; chocolate; Grenada.

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National Geographic - October 1984, Vol. 166, No. 4

Traveler’s Map of Spain and Portugal
Following Cortes: Path to Conquest (Retracing the 1519 path of the conquistador, S. Jeffrey K. Wilkerson and photographer Guillermo Aldana E. ride horseback 400 miles from the Veracruz coast to the ancient Aztec capital, today’s Mexico City. Paintings by Ned and Rosalie Seidler.)
Iberia’s Vintage River (With two names and a thousand dimensions, Portugal’s Douro, Spain’s Duero, drains a region rich in history, agriculture, and wineries, Marion Kaplan and Stephanie Maze discover. A new Traveler’s Map of Spain and Portugal supplements the issue.)
Pollen: Gesundheit and Beyond (Vital to plant life, the potent grains help find oil, solve crimes, track early man, and reveal ancient climate. Cathy Newman and Martha Cooper tell why pollen is not just something to sneeze at.)
The Maoris: At Home in Two Worlds (Proud Polynesians of New Zealand, the Maoris tell Yva Momatiuk and John Eastcott of their struggle to maintain traditions in a modern society. Douglas Newton and Brian Brake record a unique heritage of beautiful Maori carvings.)
The Maoris: Treasures of the Tradition
Our Society Opens New Doors (Newest building in the National Geographic Society’s Washington, D.C. headquarters complex.)

FOLLOWING CORTES; IBERIA, PORTUGAL and SPAIN; POLLEN; THE MAORIS, NEW ZEALAND; and, New NGS Building.

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National Geographic - September 1984, Vol. 166, No. 3

Dallas! (Texas)
Running the Jokulsa A Fjollum: Iceland’s Wild Glacier-born River (Adventurers challenge the Jokulsa a Fjollum by raft, kayak, and ultralight aircraft.)
The Okies: Beyond the Dust Bowl (Time and improved fortunes mellow the memories of the hard road taken by the Okies and others during the Great Depression. From the High Plains to California, William Howarth and Chris Johns follow their trail.)
Topsoil, Do We Treat Our Soil Like Dirt?
Patterns of Plenty: The Art in Farming (From a thousand feet up, photographer Georg Gerster records the unsuspected beauty of design of America’s bountiful farmlands.)
Man and Manatee (Why should such a gentle, appealing vegetarian be endangered? Alice J. Hall and Fred Bavendam explore the plight of Florida’s sea cows. Dr. Jesse R. White describes a captive-breeding program that may help.)

DALLAS, TEXAS; ICELAND; OKIES; SOIL; FARMLANDS; and, FLORIDA’S MANATEE.

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National Geographic - August 1984, Vol. 166, No. 2

The Making of America (Map Series #7 of 17): Central Rockies
Mexico City: An Alarming Giant
The World’s Urban Explosion (Huge population increase poses a worldwide dilemma, but it is in the cities of developing countries that growth is now outrunning the answers, says author Robert W. Fox.)
Colorado Dreaming
The Whales Called Killer (Once feared as ferocious man-eaters, killer whales belie their reputation. Erich Hoyt and Flip Nicklin report on the highly social behavior of these intelligent mammals.)
The Japan Alps
The Preposterous Puffer (Prized in Japan as a gourmet’s delight, the fish that can swell up like a balloon can be as deadly as it is pleasant to the palate.)

MEXICO CITY; WORLD’S URBAN EXPLOSION; COLORADO; KILLER WHALES; JAPAN ALPS, and, PUFFER FISH.

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National Geographic - July 1984, Vol. 166, No. 1

Escape From Slavery: The Underground Railroad
Scotland, Ghosts, And Glory
The Forgotten Face of Everest (East Face)
The Forgotten Face of Everest: Conquest of the Summit (An American team of 13 climbers tackles sheer rock, ice, and snow to become the first to scale Mount Everest by its East Face. By expedition leader James D. Morrissey.)
Time and Again in Burma (Repeated visits help Bryan Hodgson and James L. Stanfield gain insight into a land of gold-sheathed pagodas and economic woes, serenity and civil strife, all in generation-long seclusion from the outside world.)
The Great Gray Owl: Life of a Forest Hunter (Ears the can hear gophers underground and eyes that can spot a mouse on snow at 300 yards guide this hunter of the northern forests, reports Michael S. Quinton.)

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD; SCOTLAND; MOUNT EVEREST’S EAST FACE CONQUEST; BURMA; and, GREAT GRAY OWL.

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National Geographic - June 1984, Vol. 165, No. 6

Special Double Map Supplement: Japan and Its History
By Rail Across the Indian Subcontinent (From Pakistan’s Khyber Pass to Bangladesh, author Paul Theroux and photographer Steve McCurry travel a monumental rail system, where every day ten million passengers ride six thousand trains on…)
India’s Railway Lifeline: 38,000 Miles of Track (Railroad historian Michael G. Satow tells the colorful story of Britain’s legacy to her former colony.)
Hagi: Where Japan’s Revolution Began (A remote castle town, home of a remarkable teacher-warrior and his disciples, launched the 19th-century revolution that modernized Japan.)
The Ant and Her World (Each member of this all-female society knows her job and does it.)
The Wonderfully Diverse Ways of the Ant (Some are hunters and gatherers, weavers, cultivators, and stock breeders. Others are kidnappers, slaveholders, or con artists. Bert Holldobler describes the most successful of the social insects. Paintings by John D. Dawson, illustrations text by Alice J. Hall.)
Eskimo Hunters of the Bering Sea (Outboard motors, videotape players, and the prospect of nearby oil drilling have not shaken Eskimo dedication to ancestral traditions, as Brad Reynolds and photographer Don Doll discover in Alaska’s Toksook Bay.)

INDIA’S RAILWAY; HAGI, JAPAN; ANTS; and, ESKIMO HUNTERS, ALASKA’S TOKSOOK BAY, BERING SEA.

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National Geographic - May 1984, Vol. 165, No. 5

Herculaneum: The Dead Do Tell Tales at Vesuvius (For nearly 2,000 years they lay mute, hidden in a tomb of hardened ask. Today their bones speak volumes to scientists piecing together their lives and fiery deaths. Rick Gore and O. Louis Mazzatenta report on the latest excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii.)
A Prayer for Possuoli (Pozzuoli, a thriving port when Vesuvius erupted, now waits in terror as its own huge volcano stirs uneasily to life. Rick Gore and O. Louis Mazzatenta find the land rising as magma surges beneath it.)
Krill: Untapped Bounty From the Sea? (These tiny crustaceans are whale food today, but they offer man a vast store of protein that just might, and might not, be worth the trouble of harvesting. Biologist William M. Hamner and photographer Flip Nicklin examine a superb Antarctic species.)
The Olympic Peninsula (Giant trees, glaciered peaks, and wild shores dominate Washington State’s green thumb. Bill Richards and Sam Abell give us a vivid look at the land and its people.)
Brazil’s Kayapo Indians: Beset by a Golden Curse (For villagers of the Amazon Basin, a gold rush on their land means new wealth, along with pollution, invading miners, and many of the headaches of civilization, as Vanessa Lea and Miguel Rio Branco discover.)

HERCULANEUM and POMPEII, ITALY; POZZUOLI, ITALY; KRILL; OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON; and, BRAZIL’S KAYAPO INDIANS, AMAZON BASIN.

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National Geographic - April 1984, Vol. 165, No. 4

The Making of America (Map Series #6 of 17): Far West
East of Eden: California’s Mid-coast (In that spectacular realm between Santa Barbara and Monterey, Harvey Arden and Craig Aurness explore remnants of old California where residents seek a balance between preservation and exploitation.)
Japan’s Izu Oceanic Park
The Plain People of Pennsylvania (For the Amish and Mennonites of Lancaster County, life revolves around church, family, and the land. Old Order farmers, who shun modern conveniences and treat strangers with caution, permitted Jerry Irwin and Douglas Lee a rare glimpse into their plain ways.)
Narwhal Hunters of Greenland (Harpoon and kayak arm earth’s northernmost people for hazardous pursuit of the unicorn of whales, so termed for its spiraled tusk. Writer-photographer Ivars Silis chronicles the life of these self-reliant Eskimos.)
The Great Blue Heron: Lord of the Shallows (A majestic flier and canny fisher, America’s largest heron faces natural and man-made perils. Naturalist Richard J. Dolesh and photographer Cameron Davidson report on a nesting colony less than 30 miles from the nation’s capital.)

CALIFORNIA’S MID-COAST; JAPAN’S IZU OCEANIC PARK; PENNSYLVANIA AMISH and MENNONITES; GREENLAND; and, GREAT BLUE HERON.

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National Geographic - March 1984, Vol. 165, No. 3

First National Geographic Magazine HOLOGRAPHIC Cover of a BALD EAGLE
Peoples of China’s Far Provinces (They are the other Chinese, nomads, farmers, monks, mountain tribesmen, almost 70 million people in a nation exceeding a billion. Journalist Wong How-Man travels 11,000 miles to visit China’s little-known “national minorities.”)
The Lasers: A Splendid Light
The Wonder of Holography
Calgary, Canada’s Not-So-Wild West
They’re Killing Off the Rhino (From Africa to the Far East, this powerful but vulnerable behemoth is rapidly disappearing. Conservationist Esmond Bradley Martin and photographer Jim Brandenburg track the rhino from its shrinking habitat to far-flung marketplaces that spur its demise.)

CHINA’S REMOTE PEOPLES; THE LASER; HOLOGRAPHY; CALGARY, CANADA; and, The RHINO.

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National Geographic - February 1984, Vol. 165, No. 2

El Nino’s Ill Wind (It was a dramatic swing in nature’s global weather cycle that brought flood, fire, drought, and famine to five continents. Assistance Editor Thomas Y. Canby tells of the devastation wrought by El Nino.)
Surviving, Italian Style (William S. Ellis and photographer Cotton Coulson explore the workable chaos of Italy, where the politics are unpredictable, much of the economy is invisible, and the nation thrives on its inimitable style.)
Texas West of the Pecos (Trans-Pecos region)
Jordan: Kingdom in the Middle
Mantids: The Praying Predator (Praying mantis)

EL NINO; ITALY; TRANS-PECOS, TEXAS; JORDAN; and, PRAYING MANTIS.

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National Geographic - January 1984, Vol. 165, No. 1

The Making of America (Map Series #5 of 17): Alaska
Silk: The Queen of Textiles
Alaska’s Southeast: A Place Apart (In the wild, wet Panhandle of Alaska, Bill Richards discovers both native sourdoughs and transplanted outsiders cheerfully suffering whatever inconvenience goes with the region’s isolation.)
Alaska’s Southeast: An Incredible Feasting of Whales (Cooperation or competition? Photographer Al Giddings captures the gargantuan water ballet of eight Alaskan humpbacks feeding together on a banquet of krill.)
Catalonia: Spain’s Country Without a Country
Australian Sinkholes, Exploring a Sunken Realm in Australia (Author Hillary Hauser and underwater photographer David Doubilet plumb the crystalline depths of the island continent’s remarkable freshwater sinkholes.)

SILK; PANHANDLE OF ALASKA; ALASKAN HUMPBACK WHALES; CATALONIA, SPAIN; and, AUSTRALIA’S FRESHWATER SINKHOLES.

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National Geographic - December 1983, Vol. 164, No. 6

Special Historical Map Supplement: Europe
The Byzantine Empire (Constantinople on the Bosporus): Rome of the East (The glorious “Rome of the East” fell in 1453, but much of its heritage can be traced in Western culture, laws, and religious concepts. Merle Severy and James L. Stanfield document the “Gifts of Golden Byzantium.” A large double map portrays modern and historical Europe.)
Mount Athos (A community of 20 monasteries where pious men work and pray separated from the world, Greece’s Mount Athos is a living reflection of Byzantine culture.)
Eternal Easter in a Greek Village (Small isolated Otimbos on the Greek island of Karpathos still celebrates Easter with many Byzantine customs, reports returning native Maria Nicolaidis-Karanikolas.)
Wild Launch of an Ill-fated Balloon Race (Balloonists from around the world gathered in Paris last June to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the first manned balloon flights. One of the participants, Cynthia Shields, tells of her harrowing flight amid stormy weather. Tragically, the event claimed the lives of Americans Maxie Anderson and Don Ida.)
Savannah to Charleston: Good Life in the Low Country (The grace and traditions of the Old South survive amid 20th-century development. John Putman and Annie Griffiths explore the island-fringed coast from Savannah to Charleston.)
Cock-of-the-Rock: Jungle Dandy (In the rain forest of Suriname, a little-known bird plays out an elaborate courtship ritual, chronicled by ornithologist Pepper W. Trail.)

Europe; the Byzantine Empire; Mt. Athos; Easter; balloons; South Carolina coast; Cock-of-the-Rock.

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National Geographic - November 1983, Vol. 164, No. 5

The Making of America (Map Series #4 of 17): Hawaii
Kamehameha, Hawaii’s Warrior King
Across Australia by Sunpower (Running on captured solar power, adventurers Hans Tholstrup and Larry Perkins drive their lightweight vehicle 2,500 miles from Perth to Sydney)
Honduras: Eye of the Storm
Decoys: Artifice and Art (Decoys made for the plain purpose of bringing meat to table have become highly valued collectors’ items and emblems of America in a simpler age.)
Restoration Reveals The Last Supper (After five centuries of abuse by man and nature, Leonardo da Vinci’s masterwork is being reborn, paint fleck by painstaking fleck. Art historian Carlo Bertelli views the progress, photographed by Victor R. Boswell, Jr.)
The Miracle Metal, Platinum

HAWAII’S KING KAMEHAMEHA; SOLAR CAR; HONDURAS; DECOYS; LAST SUPPER RESTORATION; and, PLATINUM.

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National Geographic - October 1983, Vol. 164, No. 4

The World of Martin Luther (A defiant German monk, born five centuries ago next month, changed the course of history. Luther challenged the Roman Catholic Church, igniting the Reformation and very nearly, himself.)
Circling Earth from Pole to Pole (For three years author Sir Ranulph Fiennes and his Transglobe Expedition forged through the heat and cold of four continents and three oceans to complete the first-ever bipolar circumnavigation.)
Niger’s Wodaabe: People of the Taboo (A rigid code of behavior guides nomads who squeeze a bare subsistence from the fringes of the Sahara. Carol Beckwith records their ritual celebrations and the elaborate male beauty contests that lighten their lives during the rainy season.)
Pitcairn and Norfolk: The Sage of Bounty’s Children (From South Pacific islands 3,700 miles apart, the descendants of mutineers face uncertain times as the population of remote Pitcairn dwindles and Norfolk confronts an influx of outsiders.)
The Japanese Crane, Bird of Happiness (Numbering about a thousand in all, these graceful creatures hold a special place in Japanese culture.)

MARTIN LUTHER, GERMAN MONK; TRANSGLOBE EXPEDITION; NIGER’S WODAABE; PITCAIRN and NORFOLK, SOUTH PACIFIC; and, THE JAPANESE CRANE.

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National Geographic - September 1983, Vol. 164, No. 3

Satellites that Serve Us
Columbia: Spacelab I (Above earth’s atmosphere, six men in a shuttle-based laboratory will conduct more than 70 international experiments.)
The Aleutians: Alaska’s Far-out Islands
Living Sands of the Namib (Fed on little more than fog, plant scraps, and each other, creatures of Africa’s southwest desert coast develop ultimate survival tactics. William J. Hamilton III and photographers Carol and David Hughes chronicle a bizarre desert world.)
High-flying Tulsa (Big oil, big evangelism, and big ideas helped build Oklahoma’s high-tech, down-home boomer city and inland port.)
A Preservation Victory Saves Washington’s Old Post Office (The former home of the nation’s postal service escapes the wrecker and reopens to pealing of bells as a center for lively arts and commerce.)

satellites; Spacelab; the Aleutians, Alaska; Namib desert, Namibia; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Washington, D.C. old post office.

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National Geographic - August 1983, Vol. 164, No. 2

The Making of America (Map Series #3 of 17): Deep South
Living Theater in New Guinea’s Highlands (Gimi-speaking people in the Eastern Highlands)
Delaware: Who Needs to Be Big
The Bird Men (What the Wright brothers did in 1903, now everyman can do, fly open to the air in a cloth-and-frame ultralight aircraft. Luis Marden and Charles O’Rear take wing.)
The Case of the Killer Caterpillars (Hawaii’s predatory inchworms, unlike their vegetarian kin, lie in wait for passing insects. )
Mississippi Delta (mostly Louisiana): The Land of the River (An ethnic gumbo lives and works in this rich but fragile region, the last great gift of the river as it meets the sea. By Douglas Lee, with photographs by C.C. Lockwood. The Deep South is further defined by a double map supplement in The Making of America Series)
Sri Lanka’s Wildlife: A Personal Perspective (… by renowned author and conservationist Arthur C. Clarke celebrates the wildlife wonders of this island nation where he lives and writes, and introduces a spectacular photographic portfolio by Dieter and Mary Plage. The director of Sri Lanka’s Department of Wildlife Conservation, Lyn de Alwis, tells of ongoing efforts to save the land’s much beloved elephants.)

Ultralight aircraft; Mississippi River delta; the Gimi of New Guinea; Delaware; caterpillars; wildlife in Sri Lanka. (M) includes map of the U.S. Deep South.

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National Geographic - July 1983, Vol. 164, No. 1

The Automobile and The American Way: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot! (America’s love affair with the automobile sparked decades of prosperity for U.S. Car manufacturers, who now must meet fierce foreign competition.)
Wales, the Lyric Land (Proud of the Celtic heritage and language, the Welsh celebrate their misty realm in poetry and song.)
Special Economic Zones: China’s Opening Door
Tanzania’s Stone Age Art, by Mary D. Leakey (Prehistoric Africans hunt, dance, and sing in rock paintings thousands of years old. Anthropologist Mary D. Leakey traces and interprets the paintings.)
Arctic Odyssey (In a walrus-hide boat, John Bockstoce retraces a great Eskimo migration eastward from Alaska.)
Exploring a 140-year-old Ship Under Arctic Ice (Diving team led by Joe MacInnis finds the beautifully preserved hulk of the 140-year-old British bark Breadalbane, sunk by ice off Beechey Island.)
Hidden Life of an Undersea Desert (Barren Red Sea floor reveals abundant life, if you know where to look.)

the automobile; Wales; China's economic zones; stone age art of Tanzania; Arctic voyage; undersea desert.

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National Geographic - June 1983, Vol. 163, No. 6

Special Double Supplement: The Universe
The Once and Future Universe
The Thames: That Noble River (England)
Good Times and Bad in Appalachia: Wrestlin’ for a Livin’ with King Coal (mountains and valleys junction of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia)
Glorious Bronzes of Ancient Greece: Warriors from a Watery Grave (Submerged for centuries off the coast of Italy, two heroic bronze statues illustrate the highest attainments of Greek sculpture.)
Last of the Black-footed Ferrets? (Among the rarest of North American mammals, these small, fierce hunters were pushed to the brink of extinction by settlers killing off their prey, prairie dogs. Now biologist Tim W. Clark has counted a small surviving population on the Wyoming plains.)

THE UNIVERSE; THE THAMES RIVER, ENGLAND; COAL COUNTRY; BRONZE GREEK SCULPTURES; and, BLACK-FOOTED FERRETS.

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National Geographic - May 1983, Vol. 163, No. 5

A Century Old: The Wonderful Brooklyn Bridge (On its 100th birthday, one of the world’s great engineering achievements remains hale and hearty.)
Brooklyn: The Other Side of the Bridge (The Dodgers are gone, but New York City’s most populous borough still holds 2.2 million diverse and disputatious people.)
Ethiopia: Revolution in an Ancient Empire
Legacy From the Deep: Henry’s VIII’s Lost Warship (For more than four centuries the Mary Rose kept her secrets. Archaeologist Margaret Rule tells the story of a great English naval disaster, and of discovery and raising of the wreck. With paintings by Richard Schlecht, introduction by Peter Miller.)
A Walk and Ride on the Wild Side (Tasmania, Australia, a world heritage)
The Roadrunner: Clown of the Desert

Brooklyn Bridge; Brooklyn, New York; Ethiopia; the Mary Rose (old English warship); Tasmania; roadrunners.

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National Geographic - April 1983, Vol. 163, No. 4

The Fascinating World of Trash
Chattooga River Country: White Water, Proud People (…an area roughly 25 miles long and 15 to 20 miles wide the includes parts of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia)
This Year in Jerusalem
The Uncertain State of Puerto Rico
Voyage to the Antarctic (Near drownings, 30-foot seas, and 80-mile-an-hour winds tests Antarctic expedition members during a three-month voyage commemorating the work of Australian explorer Douglas Mawson in the early 20th century.)

trash; Chattooga river; Jerusalem; Puerto Rico; Antarctic voyage.

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National Geographic - March 1983, Vol. 163, No. 3

Tropical Rain Forests: Nature’s Dwindling Treasures
Teeming Life of a Rain Forest
What Future for the Wayanas? (Wayana Indians of South America)
Washington, D.C.: Hometown Behind the Monuments
Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur (On the island of Java, a team of architects and engineers has successfully restored a 1,200-year-old celebration in stone, the world’s largest Buddhist temple.)

ghost ships of the war of 1812; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Etosha Park, Namibia; herbs, sled race. (M) includes map of early U.S. settlements ("Atlantic gateways").

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National Geographic - February 1983, Vol. 163, No. 2

people of the Arctic; Alaska to Lapland; Eskimo art; Soviet Arctic; Hungary; Beirut, Lebanon. (M) Includes map of the Arctic.

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National Geographic - January 1983, Vol. 163, No. 1

rain forests; jungle life; the Wayanas of French Guyana; Washington, D.C.; Borobudur, Indonesia.

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National Geographic - December 1982, Vol. 162, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: The Mediterranean Sea
A Buried Roman Town Gives Up Its Dead (The people of Herculaneum were thought to have escaped the volcanic holocaust that destroyed the town and neighboring Pompeii in A.D. 79. But, as Joseph Judge and Jonathan Blair document, diggers are now finding skeletons of many victims.)
The Mediterranean : Sea of Man’s Fate (It washes the crowded shores of three continents, and the annals of its unstable basin are a tale of fire and fury told in rock. Rick Gore and photographer Jonathan Blair report. A double map supplement portrays the rumpled seafloor and the tides of history that have flowed above it.)
Lost Outpost of Ancient Egypt (Tracking modern grave robbers to Gaza, Israeli archaeologist Trude Dothan finds 3,300-year-old remains of an Egyptian settlement.)
Contrary New Hampshire
Family Life of Lions (Namibia, Africa)
Presidents Report to Members

Herculaneum, Italy (ancient Rome); the Mediterranean Sea; Deir el-Balah, Gaza, Israel; New Hampshire, lions in Namibia.

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National Geographic - November 1982, Vol. 162, No. 5

The Making of America (Map Series #1 of 17): The Southwest
The Anasazi
Pottery: Pueblo Artistry in Clay
Inside the Hopi Homeland
The Making of America (A new map series portrays the changing cultural and historical landscape of our nation, region by region, starting with this issue’s supplement, The Southwest.)
The Lost Fleet of Kublai Khan (Rescued from invasion by the kamikaze, divine wind, Japan twice in the 13th century repelled the awesome forces of Kublai Khan. Maine engineer Torao Mozai and photographer Moki Nakamura report on recovery of artifacts from those battles.)
Heat Portrait of the Shuttle (Computer-painted infrared images record the landing of the orbiter Columbia last July 4 after its fourth mission.)
The Disaster of El Chichon (Rivaling Mount St. Helens, a little-known Mexican volcano exploded last spring. Guillermo Aldana E. and Kenneth Garrett capture the fire and ash on film; Boris Weintraub relates the horror of the volcano’s victims. Geologist Robert I. Tilling warns that El Chichon’s aftermath may affect world climate.)

Anasazi indians of New Mexico; pueblo pottery; Hopi indians of Arizona; the lost fleet of Kublai Khan; Space Shuttle; El Chichon volcano in Mexico.

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National Geographic - October 1982, Vol. 162, No. 4

The Chip: Electronic Mini-Marvel
Silicon Valley (California), Cradle of the Chip
Saving Pere David’s Deer (The ancestral acres of England’s Duke of Bedford nurture an imperiled species from China. Larry Kohl’s text and Bates Littlehales’ photographs tell of a comeback from the edge of extinction.)
Thailand’s Working Royalty (The Chakri Dynasty this year celebrates two centuries of rule. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Thailand’s reigning constitutional monarch, returns the love and loyalty of his 48 million subjects with his open style and tireless interests.)
Thailand: Luck of a Land in the Middle
New Day for Alaska’s Pribilofs (Islands, located 200 miles north of the Aleutian chain.)

computer chips; California's silicon valley; Pere David's Deer; Thailand; Pribilof Islands, Alaska.

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National Geographic - September 1982, Vol. 162, No. 3

Map Supplement: The United States/America’s Federal Lands
Avalanche!: Winter’s White Death (David Cupp and photographer Lanny Johnson document the March 1982 tragedy at California’s Alpine Meadows ski resort that claimed seven lives, and the courage and fortitude of dedicated rescuers who saved four lives.)
Avalanche!: I’m OK, I’m Alive
Battling the Juggernaut (Science continues to devise new ways to deal with, if not defeat, death-dealing avalanches, and to rescue those caught in their paths. David Cupp reports.)
Our National Forests: Problems in Paradise
T.R.’s Wilderness Legacy (The President who got the conservation movement off the ground, Theodore Roosevelt created wildlife refuges and greatly expanded national forests and parks. John L. Eliot looks at the naturalist side of the man better known for his Rough Riders, big stick, and the Panama Canal.)
The Bahamas: Boon Times and Buccaneering
Finding West Africa’s Oldest City (Archaeologists Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh lay bare the forgotten city of Jenne-jeno. Founded more than 2,000 years ago, it flourished for a millennium before being abandoned about 1400. Michael and Aubine Kirtley photograph the dig.)

avalanche in California; U.S. national forests; Teddy Roosevelt's wilderness legacy; the Bahamas; Jenne-Jeno, West Africa.

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National Geographic - August 1982, Vol. 162, No. 2

Papua New Guinea: Nation in the Making
Papua New Guinea: Journey Through Time
Florida: A Time for Reckoning
Plight of the Bluefin Tuna
Paraguay, South American Paradox
Melville Bell Grosvenor’s Legacy (The Geographic took off like a rocket with Melville at the helm. Colleagues’ remembrances fill Bart McDowell’s tribute to the former Editor, President, and Chairman of the Board of the Society, whose zestful life spanned 80 years.)

Papua New Guinea; bluefin Tuna; Florida; Paraguay; Melville Bell Grosvenor.

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National Geographic - July 1982, Vol. 162, No. 1

In The Wake of Sinbad (Retracing the route of the legendary seafarer, adventurer Tim Severin sails from Oman to China in a full-size replica of a medieval Arab ship.)
Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity (For 2,000 years artists and artisans have treasured the noble stone of this Italian City. Cathy Newman and Pierre Boulat visit the quarries that provided Michelangelo the marble for his masterpieces.)
Andean Trek: Peru’s Pilgrimage to the Sky (Robert Randall joins devout Andean Indians on an annual trek to t mountain sanctuary. Photographers Loren McIntyre and Ira Block record the event, a blend of ancient beliefs and Christianity.)
Willa Cather: Voice of the Frontier (One of America’s premier modern writers, Willa Cather sang of the struggles and joys of early pioneers. Princeton English professor William Howarth and photographer Farrell Grehan journey to the regions that inspired her novels.)
The Ivory Coast: African Success Story
Unearthing the Oldest Maya (Digging through layers of antiquity, archaeologist Norman Hammond discovers the roots of Maya culture planted more than 1,000 years earlier than previously thought. Lowell Georgia and Martha Cooper document the rich Cuello site in Belize, Central America.)

Sinbad the Sailor; Carrara marble; the Andes of Peru; Willa Cather; Ivory Coast; the Maya indians.

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National Geographic - June 1982, Vol. 161, No. 6

Mt. Everest Park (Nepal), Preserving a Mountain Heritage, by Sir Edmund Hillary
Park at the Top of the World (Sagarmatha National Park: Sagarmatha is the Nepalese name for Mount Everest)
Toledo: El Greco’s Spain Lives On
Namibia: Nearly a Nation?
A Paradise Called Palouse (4,000-square-mile region of Idaho-Washington border)
The Astonishing Armadillo

Sagarmatha National Park (Mt. Everest in Nepal); Toledo, Spain; El Greco; Namibia; Palouse, Washington state; armadillos.

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National Geographic - May 1982, Vol. 161, No. 5

The Temples of Angkor (Cambodia): Will They Survive?
The Temples of Angkor: Ancient Glory in Stone (Khmer temples endure)
Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia) Wakens from a Nightmare
Western Grebes: The Birds that Walk on Water
Perth (Australia): Fair Winds and Full Sails
The Incredible Potato

Angkor temples; Kampuchea (Cambodia); western grebes (birds); Perth, Australia; potatoes.

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National Geographic - April 1982, Vol. 161, No. 4

A Special Supplement: The Face and Faith of Poland
Eternal Sinai (Uprooted settlements and disrupted lives mark the final stages of Israel’s return to Egypt of a land captured in the six-day Arab-Israeli war of 1967. Harvey Arden reports on this biblical great and terrible wilderness.)
Humpbacks, New Light on the Singing Whales
The Civilizing Seine (Journeying along the River Seine and through 2,500 years of French history, Charles McCarry and David L. Arnold follow this stream of legend and love from its source in the hills of Burgundy to its end in the English Channel.)
Pacific Balloon, First Across the Pacific: Flight of Double Eagle V
Central Kentucky, Home to the Heart of Kentucky

Sinai; humpback whales; the Seine river, France; balloon across the Pacific ocean; central Kentucky. Includes map of Poland.

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National Geographic - March 1982, Vol. 161, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Indians/Archaeology of South America
The Two Souls of Peru (Indian and Spanish heritages mold a nation of sharp geographic and social contrasts, where a new government makes a fresh start.)
Santa Fe (New Mexico): Still the Goal at the End of the Trail
Sudan: Crucible of Cultures
Hudson Bay, Henry Hudson’s Changing Bay
Quebec’s Northern Dynamo (A far-flung network of dams and hydroelectric plants is harnessing subarctic Canadian rivers for new power for industries and cities.)

Peru; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Sudan; Hudson Bay, Canada; hydroelectric plant in Quebec. (M) includes map of the indians of South America.

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National Geographic - February 1982, Vol. 161, No. 2

Napoleon
Western Desert, Egypt’s Desert of Promise
Hummingbirds, The Nectar Connection
Treasure from the Ghost Galleon (Veteran salvor Mel Fisher pursues his search for sunken treasure off Florida’s Marquesas Keys. Despite legal battle sand personal losses, he finds the Santa Margarita, a golden galleon whose total value may reach 20 million dollars.)
Gologs, Nomads of China’s West (Journeying to China’s remote Qinghai Province to climb 20,610-foot Anyemaqen, Galen Rowell and photographer Harold A. Knutson also visit the fiercely independent Golog people)
Palau’s Strange Salt Lakes (Pacific archipelago)

Napoleon Bonaparte; western desert of Egypt; hummingbirds; the sunken treasure of the Santa Margarita; Golog nomads of China; salt lakes of Palau.

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National Geographic - January 1982, Vol. 161, No. 1

Two Berlins, A Generation Apart
Wolstenholme Towne (colonial Virginia), New Clues to an Old Mystery
The Amazing Frog-Eating Bat (Barro Colorado Island, Panama)
Taiwan Confronts a New Era
The Threatened Ways of Kenya’s Pokot People

divided Berlin, Germany; Wolstenholme Towne, Virginia; the frog-eating bat; Taiwan; the Pokot tribe of Kenya.

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National Geographic - December 1981, Vol. 160, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: The World and World Ocean Floor
Mt. St. Helens Aftermath
Pandas in the Wild (…giant pandas roaming the forests of their native Sichuan, China)
Orange, A Most California County
Blue Water, The Ocean, A Perspective: Jacques-Yves Cousteau (Jacques-Yves Cousteau, from a lifetime spent in deep-sea research, finds both challenge and hope for man in the all-encompassing sea.
New World of the Ocean (In the past three decades science has revealed startling new knowledge about the seven-tenths of earth covered by the seas. Yet man has barely crossed this watery frontier. Samuel W. Matthews tells of an extraordinary age of discovery.)
Life by Night in a Desert Sea (A host of rarely seen creatures rises in the dark off Hawaii to feed near the surface. By naturalist Kenneth Brower, with photographer-divers William R. Curtsinger and Chris Newbert.)
President’s Report to Members

pandas; Mount St. Helens; Orange county, California; the ocean. (M) Includes a map of the world ocean floor.

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National Geographic - November 1981, Vol. 160, No. 5

New Jersey: A State of Surprise
Atlantic Salmon Struggle to Survive
A Nation Named Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
Acid Rain, How Great a Menace? (Fishless lakes in North America and Scandinavia raise concern about the chemical showers that observe no boundaries and pose many questions.)
Aldo Leopold, A Durable Scale of Values (Naturalist, craftsman, teacher, conservationist, philosopher, Aldo Leopold was all these and more. Boyd Gibbons and photographer Jim Brandenburg portray the sage of Wisconsin’s prairie and woodlands.)

New Jersey; Atlantic salmon; Zimbabwe (Rhodesia); acid rain; naturalist Aldo Leopold.

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National Geographic - October 1981, Vol. 160, No. 4

Crosscurrents Sweep the Indian Ocean (Big-power politics swirl around little-known, idyllic, hardscrabble island nations lying along some of the world’s most strategic sea-lanes. Bart McDowell and Steve Raymer assess what is happening from the Maldives to Madagascar.)
Kalash, People of Fire and Fervor (High in Pakistan’s Hindu Kush, the Kalash, numbering only 3,000, preserve a unique culture.)
Columbia Closes a Circle (Space Shuttle on front cover)
Our Phenomenal First Flight (Columbia Space Shuttle)
Mono Lake’s Troubled Waters and Far-flying Phalaropes (A High Sierra salt lake dwindles away as freshwater streams that once fed it flow instead to the taps of Los Angeles. Gordon Young and photographer Craig Aurness document a mounting California war of water and words. Ornithologist Joseph R. Jahl, Jr., studies the clouds of sandpiper-like Wilson’s phalaropes that feed at Mono Lake on their way to South America.)
A New Find at Aphrodisias (ancient city in Turkey yields more stunning works of art)
I Climbed Everest Alone (Reinhold Messner breaks physical and mental barriers to reach the summit of the world.)

the Indian ocean; the Kalash of Pakistan; Mono Lake, California; Wilson's Phalarope (bird); Aphrodisias, Turkey; the maiden flight of Space Shuttle Columbia; Mt. Everest.

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National Geographic - September 1981, Vol. 160, No. 3

Silver: A Mineral of EXcellent Nature
Manhattan, Images of the City (New York’s best known borough)
Oman, Guardian of the Persian Gulf
Vietnamese Fishermen, The Wanderers from Vung Tau (Fleeing Communist takeovers in their homeland, Vietnamese fishermen and their families hope Biloxi, Mississippi, will yet provide the peaceful haven they yearn for.)
Nahanni: Canada’s Wilderness Park

silver; Manhattan, New York; Oman; Vietnamese fishermen in the U.S.; Nahanni Park, Canada.

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National Geographic - August 1981, Vol. 160, No. 2

Sharks: Magnificent and Misunderstood
Molokai, Forgotten Hawaii
Maya Art Treasures Discovered in Cave (glyphs and paintings in Guatemalan cavern)
Helsinki, Finland’s Capital Has Its Heart in the Country
The Untamed Yellowstone River (Fishermen and farmers, industrialists and Indians battle over the dividing and possible damming of the waters of one of the nation’s last remaining wild rivers.)

SHARKS; MOLOKAI, HAWAII; MAYA ART, GUATEMALA CAVERN; HELSINKI, FINLAND; and, YELLOWSTONE RIVER.

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National Geographic - July 1981, Vol. 160, No. 1

Double Supplement: Saturn and The Solar System
Voyager I at Saturn: Riddles of the Rings
Costa Rica Steers the Middle Course
Troubled Times for Central America
Living with Guanacos (wild camels in remote Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)
Buffalo Bill and the Enduring West
Bombay, the Other India
The Fungus that Walks (Slime mold)

Saturn; Costa Rica; Central America; guanacos (South American camels); Buffalo Bill; Bombay, India; slime mold. (M) Includes a map of the solar system.

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National Geographic - June 1981, Vol. 159, No. 6

Down the Ancient Appian Way (Italy)
Somalia’s Hour of Need
The Dispossessed (Somalia)
The American Red Cross: A Century of Service
Kunming: Two U.S. Teachers in China
San Francisco Bay: Its Beauty and Battles
Saving the Philippine Eagle

the Appian Way (ancient Rome); Somalia; the American Red Cross; Kunming, China; San Francisco Bay; the philippine eagle.

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National Geographic - May 1981, Vol. 159, No. 5

Ellesmere Island, Eskimo and Viking Finds in the High Arctic (On Ellesmere Island, far north in Canada, archaeologist Peter Schledermann finds dramatic evidence of early inhabitants and visitors, among them, possibly, Norsemen.)
Iowa, America’s Middle Earth
Barrier Reef Park, A Marine Park is Born (Great Barrier Reef, Australia)
Paradise Beneath the Sea (Barrier Reef)
Shark Suit, Jawbreaker for Sharks (tested by Valerie Taylor)
Pakistan Under Pressure (Wedged between Iran, Soviet-occupied Afghanistan, China, and India, a military-ruled nation of diverse peoples and harsh Islamic law tries to walk a middle road and emerge an Asiatic power on its own.)
America’s Forgotten Crops (Little-known plants long used by Indians hold new promise for food and industry, reports chemist Noel D. Vietmeyer. Photographs by Burgess Blevins, paintings by Paul M. Breeden.)

Ellesmere Island (the Arctic); Iowa; Barrier Reef Park, Australia; shark suit; Pakistan.

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National Geographic - April 1981, Vol. 159, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Ireland, Modern and Historic
Ireland: 1. Its Long Travail
Ireland: 2. New Day for Eire
Ireland: 3. War and Peace in the North
Imperiled Giants of the Forest (After a decade of living among Africa’s mountain gorillas, researcher Dian Fossey describes deadly human intrusion and deadly behavior, too, as group leaders struggle for dominance.)
South Dakota’s Castles in Clay (Badlands)
Singapore: Mini-size Superstate
The Changeless Horseshoe Crab (A living fossil, this beach visitor matches ancestors impressed into 145-million-year-old rock.)

Ireland and Northern Ireland; South Dakota's badlands; Singapore; horseshoe crabs.

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National Geographic - March 1981, Vol. 159, No. 3

Wild Cargo: The Business of Smuggling Animals
When the Space Shuttle Finally Flies (Columbia on front cover)
Thoreau, a Different Man
The Bonanza Bean, Coffee
A Sumatran (Indonesia) Journey (earth’s sixth largest island)

the illegal wildlife trade; the U.S. Space Shuttle; Henry David Thoreau; coffee; Sumatra.

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National Geographic - February 1981, Special Report

ENERGY: A special report in the public interest: Facing up to the problem, getting down to solutions
The Unbalanced World
Our Energy Predicament
America’s Auto Mania
Conservation: Can We Live Better on Less?
An Atlas of Energy Resources
What Six Experts Say
Synfuels: Fill ‘er Up! With What?
Powder River Basin: New Energy Frontier
Editor’s Postscript

Special report on Energy. Sections include: American's energy problem; automobiles; an energy atlas; conservation; and synthetic fuels.

Price: $6.00 - VG

National Geographic - February 1981, Vol. 159, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: West Indies and Central America
Where Oil and Wildlife Mix (Gulf coast of Texas)
Skiing a Chinese Peak (24,757-foot mountain in western China)
Strange Ride in the Deep (Author Peter Benchley tells of an extraordinary undersea event: Filmmakers aid an injured manta ray, and it carries them gently around on its back.)
Minoan Human Sacrifice (In a 3,700-year-old temple in Crete, archaeologists Yannis Sakellarakis and Efi Sapouna-Sakellaraki find dramatic evidence of a priest performing a ritual killing amid a violent earthquake.)
Paradise Comes of Age: The U.S. Virgin Islands
The Seething Caribbean
Liechtenstein: A Modern Fairy Tale (postage-stamp land nestled high in the Alps)

the Texas coast; China; Minoan temple (Crete); the U.S. Virgin Islands; Liechtenstein. Includes a map of the West Indies and Central America.

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National Geographic - January 1981, Vol. 159, No. 1

Eruption of Mt. St. Helens: Mountain with a Death Wish
Eruption of Mt. St. Helens: In the Path of Destruction
Eruption of Mt. St. Helens: The Day the Sky Fell
Ancient Ashfall Entombed Prehistoric Animals (burial ground of ten-million-year-old creatures of the Great Plains)
New Aircraft: They’re Redesigning the Airplane
Poland’s Mountain People (Gorale of southern Poland)
The Indomitable Cockroach

Mount St. Helens; prehistoric eruption in Nebraska; new aircraft; Poland; cockroaches.

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National Geographic - December 1980, Vol. 158, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Aztec World, Mexico-Central America
The Aztecs
Tenochtitlan’s Glory, Tenochtitlan Temple (Aztec’s island capital, Mexico)
Coal Versus Parklands (U.S. southwest)
New Course for Portugal
Fatima: Beacon of Faith (Nearly a million pilgrims come each year to a Portuguese village where three children said they saw and talked with the Virgin Mary in 1917.)
Jackals of the Serengeti (Africa)

Aztecs; Tenochtitlan, Mexico; coal; Portugal; Fatima; jackals.

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National Geographic - November 1980, Vol. 158, No. 5

Africa’s Elephants: Can They Survive?
The Grandeur of Windsor (Symbol in stone of Britain’s majesty and stability, the 900-year-old fortress begun by William the Conqueror is portrayed today by Anthony Holden and James L. Stanfield.)
Royal House for Dolls (At an inch to the foot, a miniature palace crafted in the 1920s for Queen Mary delights visitors to Windsor Castle.)
Arnhem Land Aboriginals Cling to Dreamtime (northern Australia)
A Tale of Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota)
Baja Art, Baja’s Mysterious Murals (Caves and canyon walls in Baja California (Mexico) hold a treasury of rock art left by unknown Indians.)

African elephants; Windsor Castle, London; Queen Mary's doll house; aboriginies; twin cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota); murals in Baja California, Mexico.

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National Geographic - October 1980, Vol. 158, No. 4

My Chesapeake, Queen of Bays
Pompidou Center, Rage of Paris (France)
The Gauchos: Last of a Breed (Robert Laxalt and photographer O. Louis Mazzatenta document the vanishing way of life of South America’s renowned horsemen.)
Bamboo, The Giant Grass
Albania Stands Alone
Rock Life, Life on a High Rock Ledge (Seemingly barren mountain faces in northern New England in fact support a host of hardy plants and animals, naturalist William H. Amos demonstrates.)

bamboo; Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Pompidou Center, Paris; gauchos of Argentina; Albania.

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National Geographic - September 1980, Vol. 158, No. 3

Special Map Supplement: The Middle East in Turmoil
Saudi Arabia: The Kingdom and Its Power
Islam Up in Arms
Hurricane! (Atlantic and Caribbean)
Madawaska: Down East with a French Accent (In a tranquil valley along Maine’s border with Canada, national divisions blur as independent-minded people cling to tradition.)
Undersea World of a Kelp Forest (off California’s Santa Catalina island)

Saudi Arabia; hurricanes; Madawaka, New Brunswick, Canada; kelp. (M) Includes a map of the Middle East.

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Price: $2.00 Supplement alone (2 available)

National Geographic - August 1980, Vol. 158, No. 2

Water: Our Most Precious Resource
Here’s to Milwaukee (Wisconsin)
Eighty Centuries of Veracruz (For nearly two decades archaeologist S. Jeffrey K. Wilkerson has documented an 8.000-year record of human habitation on Mexico’s Gulf coast.)
Bordeaux (France): Fine Wines and Fiery Gascons
Balloon, Flight of the Kitty Hawk (A father and son, Maxie and Kristian Anderson, make the first coast-to-coast balloon crossing of North America on the winds of May)
The Wild World of Compost

water; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Veracruz, Mexico; Bordeaux, France; balloon "Kitty Hawk"; compost.

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National Geographic - July 1980, Vol. 158, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: China and Its People
Shanghai (China) Portfolio
China’s Born-again Giant (Shanghai)
The Pony Express: Grit and Glory
Return to Uganda
The Bulgarians: People to Match a Rugged Land
Bulgaria’s Ancient Treasures, Gold Trove (A trove of copper and gold artifacts supports author Colin Renfrew’s theory that metallurgy evolved in Europe independent of Near East influences)
Giant Otters, A Vanishing Breed

ancient treasures of Bulgaria; the pony express; Uganda; Shanghai; giant otters. map of China.

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National Geographic - June 1980, Vol. 157, No. 6

The Mystery of the Shroud (Shroud of Turin)
Banff (and Jasper National Parks), Heart of the Canadian Rockies
The Mexican Americans: A People on the Move
Chincoteague (Virginia), Waterman’s Island Home
Living with Orangutans (of Indonesian Borneo)
Mississippi’s Grand Reunion at the Neshoba County Fair

the shroud of Turin; Banff, Canada; Mexican Americans; Chincoteague Island, Virginia; orangutans; Neshoba County, Mississippi.

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National Geographic - May 1980, Vol. 157, No. 5

Map Supplement: Close-Up: Canada: Quebec/Newfoundland
The St. Lawrence: Canada’s Highway to the Sea
Dive, Walking the Ocean Deep (innovative diving suit at 1,250 feet down)
Thailand: Refuge from Terror (A million desperate people have fled from armed persecution and virtually certain death in Laos, Kampuchea (Cambodia) and Vietnam)
One Family’s Odyssey to America (Hmong family from Laos living in a small Wisconsin farm town)
Long Island’s Quiet Side (New York)
Jari: A Billion-Dollar Gamble (For a vast new enterprise in Brazil’s rain forest, a pulp mill and a power plant are floated halfway around the world from Japan to the Amazon.)
The Cheetah’s Race for Survival

the St. Lawrence River; cheetahs; U.S. refugees from Thailand; Long Island, New York; Jari, Brazil. Includes a map of Quebec/Newfoundland.

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National Geographic - April 1980, Vol. 157, No. 4

Texas!
Return to Estonia (Soviet Union)
Oursi, Magnet in the Desert (…village in Africa’s Sahel where farmers and herdsmen share waters of a life-sustaining lake.)
British Columbia’s Cold Emerald Sea (teeming aquatic realm in the Strait of Georgia)
House of Prayer for All People (Washington Cathedral)
Temple Monkeys of Nepal (Rhesus monkeys)

Texas; Estonia; Oursi, Upper Volta; the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia; Washington Cathedral; temple monkeys of Nepal.

Price: $6.00 - EX

Price: $5.50 - EX/VG

Price: $4.50 - VG

National Geographic - March 1980, Vol. 157, No. 3

Journey to China’s Far West
Home to North Carolina
Greece: To Be Indomitable, To Be Joyous
Deception in Nature, Creatures that Deceive to Survive
Bali Celebrates a Festival of Faith
Treasure from a Celtic Tomb (West Germany: nobleman’s tomb of 25 centuries ago)

western China; North Carolina; Greece; deceptive plants and animals; Bali; celtic tomb in West Germany.

Price: $6.00 - EX

Price: $5.50 - EX/VG

Price: $5.00 - VG

Price: $4.50 - VG/G

National Geographic - February 1980, Vol. 157, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Africa and Its Political Development
The Pesticide Dilemma
Tunisia: Sea, Sand, Success
In Long-Forbidden Tibet
The White Mountain Apache: Three Perspectives (Arizona; New Mexico)

Tibet; pesticides; Tunisia; Apache indians.

Price: $6.00 - EX MAP IS INCLUDED

Price: $5.50 - EX/VG MAP IS INCLUDED

Price: $5.00 - VG MAP IS INCLUDED

Price: $4.00 - G - VG MAP IS INCLUDED

National Geographic - January 1980, Vol. 157, No. 1

What Voyager Saw: Jupiter’s Dazzling Realm
Long-eared Owls: Masters of the Night
Can the Tallgrass Prairie Be Saved?
Hokkaido: Japan’s Last Frontier
Rock Art: Utah’s Art Galleries in Stone
Fair of the Berber Brides (festival in Morocco’s Atlas Mountains that brings couples together for instant marriage)
Life Around a Lily Pad

VOYAGER, JUPITER; OWLS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; HOKKAIDO, JAPAN; UTAH’S ROCK ART; MOROCCO’S BERBER BRIDES; and, LILY PADS.

Price: $8.00 - VG

Price: $7.50 - VG/G

GRADING

EX - Essentially unblemished.

VG – Spine intact, clean covers, Pages clean and free of tears, spots or stains.

VG/G - Shows slight cover wear or slight cracking of the spine. Pages clean and free of tears, spots or stains.

G – Shows slight cover wear. Portions of the spine may be chipped off.

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1-4 Magazines - $4.95 USPS Priority Mail

5 -12 Magazines - $10.95 USPS Priority Mail

Actual shipping charges via USPS Mail rate on more than 12 Magazines.

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