1980s National Geographic

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINES 1980 –1989

National Geographic - December 1989, Vol. 176, No.6

Special Places of the World: The Holy Land (Map Supplement) (The latest in the Special Places of the World series charts the area sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, relating historical events and scriptural passages to actual sites.)
Sistine Chapel: A Renaissance for Michelangelo (For nine years restorers have been removing the grime of centuries from the artist’s frescoes in the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel. The results are literally brilliant. David Jeffery describes the restoration project, photographed by Victor R. Boswell, Jr., and Adam Woolfitt.)
Baja California: Mexico’s Land Apart (Once a seldom traveled hinterland, this desert peninsula has been discovered by tourists drawn to the beauty and bounty of the Sea of Cortes and by Mexican workers in search of jobs. The deluge of visitors has brought a bloom of prosperity, along with new problems. Don Belt reports, with photographs by Annie Griffiths Belt.)
Advanced Materials: Reshaping Our Lives (Man’s increasing ability to create new materials by manipulating the atoms or molecules of existing ones is spurring an international scientific race that is transforming our material world. Thomas Y. Canby and photographer Charles O’Rear describe recent developments in plastics, ceramics, composites, and alloys.)
Washington State: Riding the Pacific Tide (A rising wave of Asian commerce brings economic benefits to the Evergreen State. Celebrating its centennial this year, Washington looks to its rich agricultural and industrial base to carry it into its second century, says Mike Edwards. Photos by Sandy Felsenthal.)
1989 Report: Our Year in Review: Superpowers Not So Super in Geography (A Society-sponsored geography poll of Russians reveals that they share with U.S. citizens a poor awareness of the world around them. National Geographic President Gilbert M. Grosvenor details 1989 projects promoting geography education.)

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National Geographic - November 1989, Vol. 176, No. 5

Double Map Supplement: Asia-Pacific / Western Pacific Rim (A double supplement charts the economic progress of a new world power, the western Pacific. Led by Japan’s industrial might, with the little dragons of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore not far behind, its diverse nations are forging closer ties.)
VIETNAM: Hard Road to Peace: Hanoi: The Capital Today (Fourteen years after the unification of Vietnam under communist rule, the Hanoi government is making overtures to the capitalist world. Peter T. White and photographer David Alan Harvey find a nation groping for ways to invigorate a failing economy.)
Hue: My City, Myself ( Scholar and novelist Tran Van Dinh returns to his birthplace and rediscovers the grandeur and charm of Vietnam’s last imperial capital. Photographs by David Alan Harvey.)
Saigon: Fourteen Years After (Officially it’s Ho Chi Minh City, but to the man in the street it’s still Saigon. Peter White and David Harvey explore a big, bustling city that retains more than a trace of wartime Americanization.)
The Bismarck Found, by Robert D. Ballard (Nazi Germany’s most powerful battleship sank in a savage battle with British warships in 1941, after only five days in the North Atlantic. Using sonar and video search techniques, Robert D. Ballard and his team locate its hulk three miles deep off the coast of France.)
In a Japanese Garden (A place for contemplation, the Japanese garden can be a stark landscape of rocks and raked gravel or a velvet carpet of moss or grass. Bruce A. Coats explains the philosophy behind these islands of serenity, photographed with an artist’s eye by Michael S. Yamashita.)
The Efe: Archers of the African Rain Forest (In Zaire’s Ituri Forest anthropologist Robert C. Bailey studies the Efe, one of some ten Pygmy groups found in central Africa. The way of life of these hunter-gatherers may teach much about our early ancestors.)

Vietnam; the Bismark (shipwreck); Japanese gardens; Efe pygmies of Zaire.

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National Geographic - October 1989, Vol. 176, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Land of the Maya / Ancient Maya World (A double supplement, Land of the Maya and Ancient Maya World, complements the issue’s articles about this still living culture.)
La Ruta Maya (Mexico-Guatemala-Belize-Honduras-El Salvador) (From the buried cities of one of the greatest American civilizations, the ancient Maya still speak, if you can get close enough to listen. In a major report, Editor Wilbur E. Garrett traces the Maya culture and outlines an ambitious plan for a 1,500-mile tour route encircling the Maya realm. Photographs by Kenneth Garrett.)
Copan (Honduras): A Royal Maya Tomb Discovered (Last June, for the first time in a century of excavation at Copan, the tomb of a Maya nobleman was unearthed there. Archaeologists Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle and William L. Fash, Jr., report on their find. Photographs by Kenneth Garrett.)
Copan (Honduras): City of the Kings and Commoners (New discoveries at Copan in western Honduras help explain the mysterious “collapse” of this Maya capital a millennium ago. Archaeologist George E. Stuart and photographer Kenneth Garrett document the work of an international team of scholars.)
New Zealand’s Magic Waters (A rich and beguiling tapestry of life fills the seas off New Zealand. Underwater photographer David Doubilet portrays this vivid world.)
Seizing the Light: Photography’s First Fifty Years (In the 150th year of the practical art of picture taking, historic images show the advances made in the opening five decades. With an evocative essay by Erla Zwingle.)
Heyday of the Horse Ferry: A long-forgotten animal powered craft is discovered on the bottom of Lake Champlain (In the early 1800s ferries powered by horses and mules plied rivers and lakes of the eastern United States, though they were soon displaced by the steamboat. Marine archaeologist Donald G. Shomette reports on one such teamboat found sunk in Lake Champlain.)

Maya; Copan, Honduras; New Zealand waters; early photography; horse ferries. (M) Map: Land of the Maya/Ancient Maya world.

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National Geographic - September 1989, Vol. 176, No. 3

The Shakers’ Brief Eternity (At their 19th century crest, the Shakers numbered 4,000 believers who lived a communal life devoted to achieving spiritual perfection. Though fewer than a dozen members remain, the purity of their faith and the simple beauty of their workmanship endure. Cathy Newman and photographer Sam Abell capture their spirit.)
Retracing the First Crusade (Heeding the call of Pope Urban II to reclaim the sacred places of Christendom from Infidels, Godfrey of Bouillon and thousands of followers set out from northern Europe in 1096. Tim Severin travels more than 3,000 miles by horseback along their route, gaining new insights into the crusaders’ quest. Photographs by Peter Essick.0
U.S. History in a Box: A Bygone Century Comes to Light (Benjamin P. Field Family, Long Island, New York) (A metal-sheathed box of family memorabilia relating to the centennial of George Washington’s first inauguration is opened after a hundred years, revealing contents that prove the accuracy of a preliminary high-tech see-through. Robert M. Poole reports. Please see May 1989 issue for the initial report prior to the opening of the box.)
Malawi: Faces of a Quiet Land (Paul Theroux returns to the scene of his Peace Corps service to find octogenarian president-for-life Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda keeping his African nation from the political turmoil and economic desperation that afflict its neighbors. Photographs by Eli Reed.)
Annapurna: Sanctuary for the Himalaya (Amid the breathtaking beauty of Nepal, an innovative nature preserve safeguards the fragile environment. Involving the local people is the key to its success, says author-photographer Galen Rowell.)
Samurai Aphids: Survival Under Siege (Within a placid and unobtrusive insect group, some aphid species of the Orient produce an aggressive soldier case to defend the colony or die trying. Their horned helmet-like heads remind zoologist Mar W. Moffett of ancient Japanese warriors.)

Retracing the first Crusade; Shakers; Malawi; the Annapurna range in Nepal; aphids.

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National Geographic - August 1989, Vol. 176, No. 2

San Diego: Where Two Californias Meet (Bounded by ocean and mountains, blessed with an appealing climate, California’s second largest city has evolved from a sleepy Navy town to a center for medical research and high-tech industry. Facing continued growth that threatens its quality of life, San Diego finds its fate increasingly intertwined with Tijuana, its burgeoning Mexican neighbor, says Neil Morgan. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
I Dream a World: America’s Black Women (A selection of portraits from a new book and traveling exhibition takes viewers into the lives and hearts of black women who have helped change America. Photographs and interviews by Brian Lanker, with a foreword by Maya Angelou.)
The Quest for Oil (The people who search the world for the crude that fuels our global economy find their task ever harder. Fred Hapgood and photographer George Steinmetz follow the seekers through jungles, deserts, Arctic wilderness, and computer-generated vistas of earth’s interior.)
Alaska Spill: Tragedy in Alaska Waters (…Exxon Valdez ripped open its bottom on Bligh Reef.) (Once found, oil must get to market. Douglas B. Lee reports on the disastrous consequences of a tanker run aground. Photographer Natalie Fobes records the impact on Prince William Sound.)
Elephant Talk (research in Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, Africa) (Using low-frequency sound inaudible to the human ear, seemingly silent elephants keep up a steady flow of communication with one another. Katherine Payne and her research team developed sophisticated recording techniques to break the code of the pachyderms.)
The Many Lives of Old Havana (From Soto to Hemingway to Castro, Cuba’s past is alive in the crowded old quarter of the capital, where a massive restoration effort proceeds amid the tempo of everyday life. By Joseph Judge, with photographs by James L. Stanfield.)

San Diego; America's Black women; exploring for oil in Papua New Guinea; the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska; Havana; Elephant talk.

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National Geographic - July 1989, Vol. 176, No. 1

FRANCE
Double Map Supplement: France: Evolution of a Nation
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite… Unite!
The New, the Enduring Paris
The Great Revolution: Galvanizing symbol of the collapse of the ancien regime, the Bastille prison fell to Parisians and militiamen on July 14, 1789.
Two Revolutions: Down with kings, up with the inalienable rights of the citizen? Revolutionary ideas, and men who espoused them, crisscrossed the Atlantic, inspiring America’s revolt against England, then France’s overthrow of its king.
Letters from France
High Tech: The Future is Now
A Castle Under the Louvre: In the heart of Paris a medieval fortress is unearthed beneath the renowned museum and former palace of kings.
The Gothic Revolution: French builders of the 1100s first dared to fashion heaven’s image in soaring cathedrals of stone. Entrance was by portals worthy of paradise, and the sanctuary was charged with light pressed through glass tapestries radiant with faith.
Unsettled Immigrants: A generation of foreign workers and their children have not been fully assimilated. Caught between two cultures, they are… Unsettled Immigrants
The Fine Feathered Nest: La Protection Sociale
Tour de France: An Annual Madness
Darcey: A Village that Refuses to Die
The Business of Chic (French fashion)
Paris: La Belle Epoque

France's bicentennial celebration.

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National Geographic - June 1989, Vol. 175, No. 6

Double Supplement: Dinosaurs and Other Vanished Species
Extinctions: What Caused Earth’s Great Dyings? (Since life began on this planet, at least five worldwide catastrophes have erased millions of animal species, and a sixty is under way. Rick Gore and photographer Jonathan Blair report the latest findings on these extinctions, evidence of climatic shifts and huge meteorite impacts. A double supplement focuses on the losses, from the dinosaurs to the vanishing species of today.)
Malta: The Passion of Freedom (Under foreign rule for centuries, this Mediterranean island nation reflects a past patterned by Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Arabs, Knights of St. John, and the British. Now celebrating 25 years of independence, Malta takes a neutral stance in today’s uneasy world, according to William S. Ellis. Photographs by Bob Krist.)
Computer Graphics: Images for the Computer Age (Author-photographer Fred Ward “flies” a jet fighter, peers into the human brain, and chuckles at the antics of an animated cartoon character to show us how computer graphics make impossible visions possible.)
The Remote World of Tibet’s Nomads (On a bleak, windswept plateau in western China, one of the last great nomadic societies on earth survives as herders of yaks, sheep, and goats. Living for 16 months with these Tibetan nomads, who endured years of forced settlement in communes, anthropologists Melvyn Goldstein and Cynthia Beall find traditional ways reviving.)
Acorns: Life in a Nutshell (Most acorns don’t grow up to be mighty oaks. The reason: A host of creatures invade the shell for food and shelter. Zoologist and photographer Mark W. Moffett takes a close look.)

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National Geographic - May 1989, Vol. 175, No. 5

Tepuis: Venezuela’s Islands in Time (Like fortresses in the clouds, lofty mesas called Tepuis tower above forests edging the Amazon Basin. Author-photographer Uwe George visits the region that inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Lost World, where unique plants and animals have remained all but unknown.)
Searching For the Secrets of Gravity (The force that keeps our planet circling the sun and our feet on the ground is not as simple as Newton thought. Another force may be at work as well, reports, John Boslough. Photos by James A. Sugar.)
Braving the Northwest Passage (For centuries European seamen tried to reach the Far East through the icy waters of northern Canada. Not until the early 1900s was the voyage made, and not until last August was it made under sail and muscle power alone. Jeff MacInnis and photographer Mike Beedell describe their 2,300-mile journey aboard an 18-foot catamaran.)
The Baltic: Arena of Power (The rules have changed in this traditional East-West buffer zone, with glasnost and perestroika replacing hostility and suspicion. Priit J. Vesilind and photographer Cotton Coulson find the seven Baltic nations cooperating to save the sea they share.)
Are the Swiss Forests in Peril? (For centuries forests have sheltered Swiss valleys from avalanches. Today many trees, weakened by air pollution, insects, and former forestry practices, show alarming damage. Christian Mehr tells of efforts to save the forests. Photos by the author and Sam Abell.)
U.S. History in a Box (…a wooden box covered and lined with metal that had been handed down in his family, from one Ben P. Field to another, for at least a century) (On April 30 National Geographic Explorer will televise the opening of a Long Island family’s time capsule, sealed a century ago. Space-age technology previews the contents, mementos of President Benjamin Harrison’s inaugural in 1889 and possibly of George Washington’s in 1789. Text by Benjamin P. Field V, heir to the box, and Senior Associate Editor Joseph Judge; photos by Sisse Brimberg. Please see September 1989 issue for the follow-up reporting after the box was opened.)

Tepui mountains in Venezuala; gravity; northwest passage; the Baltic region; Swiss deforestation.

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National Geographic - April 1989, Vol. 175, No. 4

Living With Radiation (This invisible force has power to kill as well as cure. Charles E. Cobb, Jr., assesses the perils and benefits, from the atom bomb and radon to radiotherapy, Ex rays, and the controversial issue of nuclear power. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
Kronan: Remnants of a Mighty Warship (The most powerful vessel of her day, Sweden’s Kronan sank in 1676 with a loss of 800 lives, only a week after she first saw action. Naval historians have found her remains on the floor of the Baltic, and a microcosm of early shipboard life. By Anders Franzen, with photographs by Bill Curtsinger and paintings by John Berkey.)
The John Muir Trail: Along the High Wild Sierra (From the summit of Mount Whitney to the valley of the Yosemite, author-photographer Galen Rowell explores the scenic 121-mile California trail named for the outspoken turn-of-the-century conservationist who devoted his life to preserving wilderness.)
Cartegena Nights (Carriage lamps and candlelight enhance the baroque facades of this historic Colombian port, whose massive battlements recall its reign as fortress city of the Spanish Main. By Bart McDowell, with photographs by Ol Louis Mazzatenta.)
The Common Loon Cries for Help (The unmistakable wail of this familiar water bird has been silenced on many North American lakes, where acid rain and other pollutants have spoiled its fishing and nesting spots. A high death rate in part of its winter range has raised new concerns about its future. Judith W. McIntyre and Michael S. Quinton report.)

Living with radiation; Kronan (Swedish warship); John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada mountains; Cartagena, Colombia; loons.

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National Geographic - March 1989, Vol. 175, No. 3

Above China (The world’s most populous nation, once one of its most secretive, unfolds under the camera of aerial photographer Georg Gerster. An unprecedented view of China’s vast and diverse topography, with text by Larry Kohl.)
Faulkner’s Mississippi (William Cuthbert Faulkner) (The spirit of the literary giant endures in his hometown of Oxford, inspiration for a fictional world in which human weakness and the strength to persevere are both part of the landscape. By Mississippi writer Willie Morris and photographer William Albert Allard.)
Wildlife Quest to the Icy Seas of South Georgia (Each year for more than a decade Sally and Jerome Poncet, now with their three children have sailed the frigid waters of this remote South Atlantic island, recording their observations of a stunning array of seabirds and seals. Sally Poncet chronicles the family’s odyssey. Photographs by Frans Lanting.)
An Indian Cemetery Desecrated: Who Owns Our Past? (Slack Farm, Kentucky) (Relic hunters searching for salable grave goods have ravaged an ancient Indian burial ground in Kentucky, outraging Native American’s and archaeologist alike. Harvey Arden reports on the loss to our national heritage. Photographs by Steve Wall.)
Trap-Jaw Ants: Set for Prey (Harvard zoologist Mark W. Moffett journeys to the rain forests of Costa Rica and Trinidad to study elusive ants whose specially adapted hair-trigger jaws can snap up hyperactive springtails, their sole prey.)

Ariel photography of China; Faulkner's Mississippi; South Georga island; Indian burial grounds; trap-jaw ants.

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National Geographic - February 1989, Vol. 175, No. 2

Special Places of the World (Map Supplement): Yellowstone and Grand Teton Parks (Mapping Two Great Parks: National Geographic embarks on a new series of supplement maps with a close look at Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, and its equally grand neighbor, the Grand Tetons.)
Skyscrapers: Above the Crowd (Escaping horizontal congestion, these tallest of buildings are soaring monuments to the skill of architect and engineer. William S. Ellis and photographer Nathan Benn explore the towers, top to bottom.)
At Home in the Hancock Center (In Chicago the world’s sixth tallest building can claim a title that most of its competitors cannot, a place to live. A.R. Williams and photographer Lynn Johnson profile a multiuse giant.)
Small-town America: An Endangered Species? (Griffin Smith, Jr., reflects on a way of life that is passing. Forty years of photographs from the annual workshop of the University of Missouri School of Journalism mirror the changing and the changeless.)
The Life and Times of William Henry Jackson: Photographing the Frontier (He packed several lives into his 99 years: artist, Union soldier, bullwhacker, and pioneer photographer whose first-ever pictures spotlighted the frontier West, including Yellowstone. Rowe Findley and photographer James L. Amos portray a prolific man and his dynamic era.)
Yellowstone: The Great Fires of 1988 (Last summer’s conflagrations were but a chapter in the long natural history of Yellowstone National Park, but they ignited national debate over the hands-off-fire-fighting policy of the Park Service. David Jeffery reports.)
A Century at Your Fingertips (Editor Wilbur E. Garrett announces publication of the Geographic’s new centennial index, a one-volume compendium on a hundred years of change.)

Skyscrapers; Chicago's Hancock Center; small-town America; William Henry Jackson; Yellowstone fires. (M) Map: Yellowstone Park/Grand Teton Park.

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National Geographic - January 1989, Vol. 175, No. 1

Coca: An Ancient Indian Herb Turns Deadly (Used for centuries by South America’s highland Indians, a mild stimulant has been transformed into today’s international killer drug: cocaine. Peter T. White and photographer Jose Azel infiltrate the shadowy world of growers, dealers, and users.)
Straight: A Gloves-off Treatment Program (A controversial rehabilitation approach for young drug users is examined by Cliff Tarpy and Jose Azel.)
Sagebrush Country: America’ Outback (Douglas H. Chadwick crisscrosses the big lonesome heart of the West and discovers a rugged breed of American individualists. With photographs by Phil Schofield.)
Ballet With Stingrays (Underwater photographer David Doubilet joins divers feeding stingrays off Grand Cayman and finds these graceful creatures, feared for the venomous spines on their tails, are surprisingly gentle.)
Indonesia: Two Worlds, Time Apart (Unity in Diversity is the motto of this Asian nation of more than 13,000 islands. Arthur Zich chronicles the struggle of the world’s most populous Muslim country to preserve tradition while keeping pace with a modern world. Photographs by Charles O’Rear.)
Rowing Antarctica’s Most Mad Seas (Challenging by oar the treacherous waters of the Drake Passage, author-photographer Ned Gillette and a crew of three successfully row their storm-tossed craft from Chile to Antarctica.)

Cocaine; sagebrush country (western U.S.); stingrays; Indonesia; rowing to Antarctica.

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National Geographic - December 1988, Vol. 174, No. 6

Endangered Earth HOLOGRAM Front Cover / McDonalds HOLOGRAM Back Cover
Double Map: The World / Endangered Earth
Will We Mend Our Earth? (As the National Geographic Society enters its second century, one of its goals will be to encourage a better stewardship of the planet, writes President Gilbert M. Grosvenor. A Society-sponsored symposium last January expressed calls for a new era of global responsibility.)
Brazil’s Imperiled Rain Forest: Rondonia’s Settlers Invade (Brazil’s vast western frontier has enticed settlers since the 1960s. William S. Ellis tracks the mass immigration and the subsequent destruction of rain forest, escalated by construction of 900 miles of an Amazonia highway. With photographs by William Albert Allard and Loren McIntyre.)
Last Days of Eden: Rondonia’s Urueu-Wau-Wau Indians (As pioneers encroach, the peoples of the rain forest under a government hands-off policy protect their lands by resort to force. Loren McIntyre and Jesco von Puttkamer document the predicament of one tribe.)
Quietly Conserving Nature (For nearly 40 years the U.S.-based Nature Conservancy has combined biology and business for the profit of unique plant and animal communities. Noel Grove reports, with photographs by Stephen J. Krusemann.)
Caribou: Majestic Wanderers (Photographer Michio Hoshino chronicles the life cycle of these tundra-dwelling mammals in the last great migratory herds of the New World.)
Oil In The Wilderness: An Arctic Dilemma (Oil companies want to tap reserves they suspect lie beneath a protected swath of wilderness spanning the Alaska-Canada border. Douglas B. Lee and photographer James P. Blair examine the debate over development.)
Whales: An Era of Discovery (As commercial whaling fades away, zoologist James D. Darling sums up two decades of whale research, including recently recognized parallels with land mammals. Flip Nicklin captures rare images or world’s largest animals.)
New Perspective on the World (Recounting efforts to portray the round earth on flat paper, National Geographic’s Chief Cartographer John B. Garver, Jr., introduces the Society’s new and more realistic world map.)
Population, Plenty, and Poverty (Skyrocketing world population and increasingly affluent life-styles are staining earth’s resources. Stanford biologists Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich say population control is essential for the survival of humanity.)

Special holographic cover; all articles are about conservation; rain forests; caribou; whales; maps; world population.

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National Geographic - November 1988, Vol. 174, No. 5

Double Supplement: Mount Everest / High Himalaya
Exploring Cradle Earth (The splendor of Mount Everest, captured by William Thompson in unique aerial photographs, epitomizes the human urge to view the unknown. Editor Wilbur E. Garrett keynotes an issue dedicated to exploration.)
The Mighty Himalaya: A Fragile Heritage (Geographer Barry C. Bishop, who scaled Mount Everest a quarter of a century ago, describes today’s battle between conservationists and commercial interests in Asia’s loftiest mountain system.)
Heavy Hands on the Land (The cursh of tourists in the Himalayan range and the needs of the local Tibetan and Nepalese populations take a serious toll, writes Larry Kohl. Photographs by William Thompson and Galen Rowell.)
Mapping Mount Everest (Space-age technology provides a brilliant new look at the central Himalaya in a double map supplement, the most accurate portrait of the Everest region ever produced. Project leader Bradford Washburn relates its history.)
Honey Hunters of Nepal (High in Himalayan foothills, fearless Gurang men risk their lives to harvest the massive nests of the world’s largest honeybee. Text and photographs by Eric Valli and Diane Summers.)
Long Journey of the Brahmaputra (From Tibet’s lofty passes through India to the floodplains of Bangladesh Jere Van Dyk follow the storied river whose course was a mystery for centuries. Raghubir Singh and Galen Rowell photograph the scenic region shared by Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims.)
Down the Cayman Wall (By submersible, shark expert Eugenie Clark explores a kaleidoscope of marine organisms living along a 3,200-foot underwater escarpment off Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean.)
Mission to Mars (A U.S.-Soviet manned voyage could answer age-old riddles about Earth’s neighbor planet. Former astronaut Michael Collins describes a flight scenario for the year 2004, with photographs by Roger H. Ressmeyer and artwork by Pierre Mion and Roy Andersen.)

Mount Everest; the Himalayas; honey hunters of Nepal; the Brahmaputra river; the undersea Cayman Wall; manned mission to Mars.

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National Geographic - October 1988, Vol. 174, No. 4

The Peopling of the Earth Issue
Where Did We Come From (The Peopling of the Earth) (With this issue National Geographic enters its second century. In celebration we have added to this and the next two issues the equivalent of a 13th issue in pages, to permit a 538-page report on the world we live in. The trilogy begins with articles on mankind, ancient and modern. November will feature exploration, led by breathtaking portraits of the Himalaya, with a unique high-tech map of the Everest region. We end the year with a new world map and articles keyed to a symposium sponsored by the National Geographic Society to assess the environmental state of our fragile earth. The Editor.)
The Search For Modern Humans (Homo sapiens, wise man, appeared only some 100,000 years ago. Who were these latecomers of human ancestry? Where and how did they live? Senior Assistant Editor John J. Putman and photographers Sisse Brimberg and Ira Block follow their fascinating tail worldwide.)
An Ice Age Ancestor? (Prehistoric art expert Alexander Marshack describes scientific efforts to test the antiquity of an astoundingly realistic carved image of a man.)
Lascaux Cave (France): Art Treasures from the Ice Age (Paleolithic artists recorded their world on walls of a French cavern. Dr. Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Sisse Brimberg, and Norbert Aujoulat detail its glories.)
Clovis Cache Found: Weapons of Ancient Americans (A Washington apple orchard yields the largest Clovis spearpoints ever found. Archaeologist Peter J. Mehringer, Jr., and Warren Morgan report.)
Air Bridge to Siberia (Alaskan Eskimos reverse their forebears’ migration path, reopening contact across the Bering Sea. Wilbur E. Garrett and Steve Raymer go along.)
Richest Unlooted Tomb of a Moche Lord (In northern Peru archaeologists find the spectacular burial place of a pre-Inca warrior-priest. Project director Walter Alva, archaeologist Christopher B. Donnan, photographer Bill Ballenberg, and artist Ned Seidler bring the Lord of Sipan and his culture to life.)
The Afrikaners (A new generation tries to outlive the stereotype of a rigid, God-chosen people born to rule. Distinguished Afrikaner author Andre Brink and photographer David Turnley sensitively portray South Africa’s white tribe today.)
The Hmong in America: Laotian Refugees in the Land of the Giants (U.S. allies in the Vietnam War, nearly 100,000 of these Laotians now live here. Spencer Sherman and Dick Swanson document their culture shock.)

Ice age man; Lascaux cave art; ancient clovis tools; Siberia-Alaska flight; Peru tomb; Afrikaners of South Africa; the Hmong (Laotians) in America.

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National Geographic - September 1988, Vol. 174, No. 3

100 Years – Reporting on the world and all that is in it. – (Covers Issue)
Within the Yellow Border (The famous GEOGRAPHIC cover has mirrored the birth, growth, and universality of our Society’s journal, says Editor Wilbur E. Garrett. Foldout displays early covers and presents all 353 with illustrations, since the first in July 1942.)
Three Men Who Made the Magazine (In a look back at National Geographic’s first 100 Years, Editor-at-Large Charles McCarry traces the special gifts of Alexander Graham Bell, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, and Melville Bell Grosvenor, three innovators whose creative ideas and talented staffs gave shape to the journal.)
The Greatest Job in the World? (In lighthearted stream of consciousness, Senior Associate Editor Joseph Judge recalls private comments of our far-ranging writers and photographers.)
Odyssey: The Art of Photography (Geographic photographs as art are discussed by Jane Livingston, Associate Director and Chief Curator of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. From past magazines and archives she and her staff selected pictures for an exhibit that will be seen in art museums around the world.)
Spoofing the Geographic (Through the years America’s top cartoonists have poked good-natured fun at Geographic traditions. Humorist Roy Blount, Jr., gives his own views.)
Alexander Graham Bell (Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Robert V. Bruce brings alive the Scottish-born tinkerer who became one of America’s most famous inventors and a beloved teacher of the deaf. Photographs by Ira Block.)
Commander Robert E. Peary: Did He Reach the Pole? (The claim of the great Arctic explorer has been questioned for nearly 80 years. Drawing on all available sources including Peary’s now released diary, Wally Herbert, also a noted polar explorer, joins the debate.)
Descendants of the Expeditions (Recounting touching moments of reconciliation, Edward Peary Stafford, the explorer’s grandson, and Harvard Professor S. Allen Counter travel to Greenland to meet the Eskimo families of Robert E. Peary and his assistance Matthew A. Henson. Photographs by Bob Sacha.)
New Atlas Unfurls Nation’s History (President Gilbert M. Grosvenor announces the publication of the Society’s unprecedented Historical Atlas of the United States and the donation of a copy of each of the nation’s 35,000 schools with a ninth grade or above.)

Special centennial issue: 100 years of National Geographic. Includes features on Alexander Graham Bell and Robert E. Peary.

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National Geographic - August 1988, Vol. 174, No. 2

Madagascar’s Lemurs: On the Edge of Survival
Annapolis: Camelot on the Bay (Maryland’s capital since early colonial days has become a preservation showcase as well as a sailor’s haven on the Chesapeake. Larry Kohl and photographer Devin Fleming document the struggle to maintain tradition and prosperity.)
Triumph of Daedalus (On the trail of legend, a Greek pilot pedals from Crete to Santorin for a new record for human-powered flight, a feat described by John S. Langford, photographed by Charles O’Rear.)
Frederic Remington: The Man and the Myth (The celebrated American painter and sculptor helped make cowboys and Indians legendary. Louise E. Levathes and photographer Chris Johns trace his career east and west.)
The South Koreans (Aggressive, highly competitive, and reluctant to compromise, South Koreans push their economy forward, while keeping a wary eye on their kinsmen to the north. By Boyd Gibbons, with photographs by Nathan Benn.)
Kyongju, Where Korea Began (In this ancient capital where spirit and reality merge, Cathy Newman finds the soul of Korea. Photographs by H. Edward Kim.)

Lemurs; Annapolis, Maryland; Daedalus, a pedal-power airplane; Frederic Remington; South Korea; Kyongju, S. Korea.

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National Geographic - July 1988, Vol. 174, No. 1

Atlanta (Georgia): Energy & Optimism in the New South (Host to this month’s Democratic Convention, the capital of Georgia has evolved from Civil War casualty to premier city of the Southeast, an exciting business and cultural center. Erla Zwingle and photographer Jim Richardson report on a modern-day resurgence.)
The Day the World Ended at Kourion (Cyprus): Reconstructing an Ancient Earthquake (On July 21 in A.D. 365 an earthquake brought death and destruction to a city on Cyprus. Archaeologist David Soren and his team, using computer graphics, dramatically re-create the scene of personal tragedy. Photographs by Martha Cooper.)
Acts of Faith in Chile (Chileans will soon decide in a plebiscite whether to continue a swing to the political right led by Augusto Pinochet. Allen A. Boraiko and photographer David Alan Harvey describe a nation weighing its choices.)
When the Moors Ruled Spain (Their 800-year dominance ended in 1492 with expulsion by Columbus’s benefactors, Ferdinand and Isabella. The heritage left behind still enriches the country, Thomas J. Abercrombie and photographer Bruno Barbey discover.)
What’s Killing the Palm Trees? (A disease called lethal yellowing is destroying the coconut palms of the Western Hemisphere, says plant pathologist Randolph E. McCoy. With photographs by Guillermo Aldana E.)

Atlanta, Georga; ancient earthquake in Kourion, Greece; Chile; Moors in Spain; dying palm trees.

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National Geographic - June 1988, Vol. 173, No. 6

The Making of America (Map Series #17 of 17): Tidewater (The history and modern face of the rich, well-watered lands from Delaware to the Carolinas are chronicled in a double supplement map.)
The Eternal Etruscans (Three thousand years ago the Etruscans forged Italy’s first civilization. Writer Rick Gore and photographer O. Louis Mazzatenta explore that little-known culture and what it left behind. With paintings by James M. Gurney.)
Palio: Siena’s Centuries-old 90-Second Horse Race (Citizens of Siena, once an Etruscan center, continue a danger-filled tradition of horse racing. Photos by O. Louis Mazzatenta.)
Ellesmere Island (Canada): Life in the High Arctic (Biologist L. David Mech documents the struggle of wildlife to survive in Canada’s northernmost reach. Photographs by Jim Brandenburg.)
Guatemala: A Fragile Democracy (After years of mismanagement and guerrilla warfare, this key Central American nation opts for civilian democratic rule, and now faces the challenge of unifying its diverse peoples. Griffin Smith, Jr., reports on encounters with the unexpected. Photographs by James Nachtwey.)
Yorktown Shipwreck (Scuttled in the Battle of Yorktown, a British naval transport yields clues to 18th-century ships and tactics, relates archaeologist John D. Broadwater. Photos by Bates Littlehales.)
Coelacanths: The Fish That Time Forgot (A fish known only from fossils and believed to be extinct was found living in the Indian Ocean in 1938. Now a German team dives in a submersible to study coelacanths in their deep haunts. By marine biologist Hans Fricke.)

Etruscans; Ellesmere Island, Canada; Guatemala; Yorktown shipwreck; coelacanths.

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National Geographic - May 1988, Vol. 173, No. 5

Wool: Fabric of History (In a world-ranging quest, fashion expert Nina Hyde and photographer Cary Wolinsky explore the extraordinary fiber, gift of wandering animals, that is still vital to human culture.)
Kerala: Jewel of India’s Malabar Coast (A national pacesetter in health, education, and religious tolerance, this cosmopolitan state on India’s southwestern coast has never shied from political controversy, according to Peter Miller. Photographs by Raghubir Singh.)
Supernova: Death of a Star (Suddenly last year a new light blazed in the southern skies, giving astronomers an unprecedented look at a super-nova a mere 170,000 light-years away. Astrophysicist Robert P. Kirshner explains the phenomenon; Roger H. Ressmeyer photographs its study around the world.)
The Persian Gulf: Living in Harm’s Way (In a timely report from the strategic waterway, Thomas J. Abercrombie and photographer Steve Raymer describe the people caught in the shadow of the ongoing Iraq-Iran war.)
Fleas: The Lethal Leapers (Biologist-photographer Nicole Duplaix investigates the incredible feats of these infamous insects, whose ability to pass plague to humans changed the course of history.)

WOOL; KERALA, MALABAR COAST, INDIA; 1987 SUPERNA; THE PERSIAN GULF; and, FLEAS.

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National Geographic - April 1988, Vol. 173, No. 4

Ghosts of War in the South Pacific (During World War II hundreds of aircraft and ships went down in the South Pacific. Peter Benchley recounts the action and, with photographer David Doubilet, discovers that marine organisms have transformed wrecks into magnificent living memorials.)
Wreck of the Coolidge (David Doubilet takes us on a tour of the President Coolidge, luxury liner turned troop transport, which sank in 1942 at Espiritu Santo en route to reinforce Allied forces at Guadalcanal.)
Uganda, Land Beyond Sorrow (Death has become a way of life in this once prosperous East African nation, ravaged by two decades of anarchy, chaos, and massacres, and now by the specter of AIDS. Robert Caputo reports.)
Texas in Bloom, by Lady Bird Johnson (The Lone Star State finds a place in the sun for wildflowers, says the First Lady of beautification, Lady Bird Johnson.)
Wildflowers Across America (Artist Jack Unruh captures the astonishing color and variety of the blooms that nature plants from eastern woodlands to high mountain meadows. With text by Michael E. Long.)
Finding a Pharaoh’s Funeral Bark (Scientists penetrate a crypt near Egypt’s Great Pyramid to reveal a sacred craft unseen for 4,600 years. By Farouk El-Baz, with photographs by James P. Blair and Claude E. Petrone.)
Riddle of the Pyramid Boats (Why did the ancient Egyptians disassemble and bury two full-size royal ships near the tomb of the great pharaoh Khufu? What purposes did the vessels serve? Peter Miller investigates the puzzle. Photographs by Victor R. Boswell, Jr.)

The South Pacific Ocean and sunken warships; Uganda; wildflowers in Texas and across America; boats of the Egyptian pyramids.

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National Geographic - March 1988, Vol. 173, No. 3

China Passage by Rail (A changing people and changeless landscapes come into view as Paul Theroux and Geographic photographer Bruce Dale travel the railways of the world’s most populous nation.)
Between Columbus and Jamestown: EXploring Our Forgotten Century (A decade of digging by archaeologists and scholars illuminates the neglected first chapter in our country’s history, the years between Columbus and Jamestown. Joseph Judge reports, with photographs by Bill Ballenberg and paintings by John Berkey.)
Hello Anchorage, Good-bye Dream (Anchorage copes with the realities of urban life and struggles to regain the riches of the oil boom. Larry L. King and photographer Chris Johns reveal the growing pains of Alaska’s largest city.)
The Falkland Islands: Life After the War (Falklanders are still British and newly prosperous just six years after the deadly contest waged by Britain and Argentina over their South Atlantic homeland. Bryan Hodgson and photographer Steve Raymer assess their life today.)
Falkland Islands Wildlife: A Portfolio (Food-rich waters around the Falklands support a spectacular mix of birds and animals.

China passage by rail; Nat. Geo. Society's Education Foundation; Anchorage, Alaska; the Falkland Islands; Spanish exploration in the 1500's.

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National Geographic - February 1988, Vol. 173, No. 2

Special Double Supplement: Australia
Portraits of the Land (Australia): The Red Centre; Kangaroo Island; The Pinnacles; Tasmania; Great Barrier Reef; The Nullarbor Plain
Child of Gondwana (Australia)
Australia at 200
The Australians
Children of the First Fleet, by John Everingham
Sydney’s Changing Face
The First Australians
The First Australians: Living in Two Worlds

Entire issue on Australia.

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National Geographic - January 1988, Vol. 173, No. 1

Centennial Year 1888-1988 Issue One Hundred Years of increasing and diffusing geographic knowledge

Those Electrifying 1880s When The National Geographic Society Was Born (The Western frontier closed, and new frontiers of science and industry opened in the dynamic decade when the National Geographic Society was born. A centennial survey by historian William H. Goetzmann, with nostalgic collages by Fred Otnes.)

1988: The Society’s Trustees Who Have Carried On the Tradition (Chairman Emeritus Melvin M. Payne traces a century of distinguished leadership.)

Discovering America (Two newcomers to the United States help us see ourselves as others see us, a nation of wealth, waste, patriotism, and undreamed-of-opportunity. Award-winning Polish journalists Malgorzata Niezabitowska and Tomasz Tomaszewski report.)

Poland: The Hope that Never Dies

Galapagos Wildlife Under Pressure: A Century After Darwin’s Death (Charles Darwin first described to the world the unique animal inhabitants of these islands off Ecuador. A hundred and fifty years later, Dieter and Mary Plage portray the same unique species of the archipelago, now protected in a national park.)

Managing Another Galapagos Species: Man (Thousands of tourists descend on the Galapagos each year. Jerry Emory describes the impact on the fragile ecology and the challenges involved in preserving it.)

Centennial edtition; founding of the National Geographic Society; America in 1888; America in 1988; Poland; the Galapagos Islands.

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National Geographic - December 1987, Vol. 172, No. 6

Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age (Sailing an ancient trade network, a ship sank off Turkey some 3,400 years ago. Now marine archaeologist George F. Bass excavates and, with photographer Bill Curtsinger, reports on an unprecedented trove of pottery, weapons, and copper and tin ingots.)
Sea Change in the Sea Islands: Nowhere to Lay Down Weary Head (Cultural traditions brought from Africa and a Creole language called Gullah erode under the impact of resort development along the South Carolina and Georgia coast, Charles L. Blockson finds. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
Nomads’ Land: A Journey Through Tibet (Sorrel Wilby, a young Australian, walks 1,800 miles across western Tibet and gets more than she bargained for in snow blindness, blisters, and understanding.)
What Is This Thing Called Sleep? (Familiar yet mysterious, sleep still baffles the experts. Michael E. Long and photographer Louie Psihoyos investigate crib death, breathing disorders, nightmares, narcolepsy, and other ailments that make sleep hazardous to your health.)
Red Crabs On the March on Christmas Island (Swarming over a tiny island in the Indian Ocean, millions of crustaceans undertake an annual march to the sea, tidying the landscape and invading houses along their route. By conservationist John W. Hicks.)

Bronze age shipwreck; Sea Islands; journey through Tibet; sleep; red crabs of Christmas Island.

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National Geographic - November 1987, Vol. 172, No. 5

The Making of America (Map Series #16 of 17): West Indies (A double-sided supplement explores islands crucial to the Making of America.)
The World of Suleyman the Magnificent (Merle Severy and James L. Stanfield chronicle the great Turkish sultan who raised the Ottoman Empire to its zenith in the 16th century, pitting East and West in a holy war of terrorism, hostages, and intrigue that echoes in today’s headlines.)
New Mexico: Between Frontier and Future (High technology has come to this land of three cultures and infinite sky, and New Mexico will never be the same state again. Bart McDowell and photographer Danny Lehman investigate the changes that growth brings.)
Scorpionfish: Danger in Disguise (The most horrific and beauteous of venomous fishes, whose spines can be deadly, are caught on film by David Doubilet in the Gulf of Aqaba.)
Haiti, Against All Odds (Amid continuing political turmoil, the Western Hemisphere’s poorest nation struggles simply to survive. Charles E. Cobb, Jr., and photographer James P. Blair report.)
La Navidad, 1492: Searching for Columbus’s Lost Colony (On Haiti’s north shore, archaeologist Kathleen A. Deagan and her colleagues believe they have found the first Spanish settlement in America,, La Navidad. Photographs by Bill Ballenberg.)
The Pumphouse Gang Moves to a Strange New Land (Anthropologist Shirley C. Strum discusses her continuing study of a fascinating troop of Kenya baboons after its move to a new habitat.)

Suleyman the Magnificent; New Mexico; scorpionfish; Haiti; La Navidad, Columbus's lost colony; baboons.

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National Geographic - October 1987, Vol. 172, No. 4

Women of Saudi Arabia (Caught up in modernization, Saudi Arabia’s culture still sequesters the lives of its women, according to an American who has lived there, Marianne Alireza. Photographs by Jodi Cobb.)
Epilogue for TITANIC, by Robert D. Ballard (Robert D. Ballard explains an extraordinary 108-photo mosaic, two years in the making, showing the sunken ship at rest on the sea-floor. Paintings by Ken Marschall depict Ballard’s exploration of the doomed liner.)
Doc Edgerton: The Man Who Made Time Stand Still (Harold E. Doc Edgerton, pioneer of the strobe flash, has changed the way we look at the world. A profile by Erla Zwingle, with photographs by Edgerton and Bruce Dale.)
North Carolina’s Outer Banks: Awash in Change (Wind an sea endlessly contour the shores and barrier islands of North Carolina. Lately man has added a controversial hand, says Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Photos by David Alan Harvey.)
The Smell Survey Results (A year ago some 1.5 million Society members responded to a study of the least understood human sense. Researchers Avery N. Gilbert and Charles J. Wysocki discuss the findings.)
Baltistan: The 20th Century Comes to Shangri-la (Brought by warfare that still sputters, the modern age is fast transforming this remote Karakoram mountain realm, as Galen and Barbara Cushman Rowell discover.)

women of Saudi Arabia; The Titanic; Doc Edgerton and high-speed photography; North Carolina's Outer Banks; a smell survey; Baltistan, Pakistan.

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National Geographic - September 1987, Vol. 172, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: United States / Its Growth (A double supplement traces the country’s territorial history from colonial days to the present.)

Jade: Stone of Heaven (More revered than gold in antiquity, this stone of rainbow hues lures seekers to remote places. Author-photographer Fred Ward documents fade’s special place in history and art.)

El Mirador: An Early Maya Metropolis Uncovered (Was this one of America’s first great cities? Archaeologist Ray T. Matheny’s excavations at a 2,000-year-old site in the Guatemalan jungle have led him to new theories about the roots of Maya civilization. Paintings by T.W. Rutledge.)

James Madison: Architect of the Constitution (A Virginia politician-scholar was the driving force and design master behind the document whose 200th birthday we now honor. Alice J. Hall brings to light little-known aspects of the unassuming Madison. Photos by Sam Abell.)

Living Iroquois Confederacy (From One Sovereign People to Another) (Proud descendants of once powerful Indian nations hold fast to their heritage. Harvey Arden and photographer Steve Wall chronicle the storied past and uncertain future of these keepers of “The Fire That Never Dies.”)

Silent Death from Cameroon’s Killer Lake (A cloud of carbon dioxide burst from a West African lake one August night in 1986, and 1,700 people died. Curt Stager describes the search for the cause; photos by Anthony Suau.)

jade; Mayan ruins; James Madison; Iriquois; carbon dioxide explosions in the lakes of Cameroon. Includes map of the United States

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National Geographic - August 1987, Vol. 172, No. 2

Africa’s Sahel: The Stricken Land (Catastrophe looms for an abused realm on the Sahara’s southern fringe. William S. Ellis and photographer Steve McCurry report on the high tragedy of land on the way to being desert.)
Rock Art, Oasis of Art in the Sahara (Ethno-archaeologist Henri Lhote interprets rock paintings in a mysterious gallery created by prehistoric peoples of Algeria. Photographs by Kazuyoshi Nomachi.)
Canada’s Fur-trading Empire: Three Centuries of the Hudson’s Bay Company (Once the largest corporate landowner in the world, “the Bay” remains the oldest chartered company anywhere. Peter C. Newman and photographer Kevin Fleming assess the fortunes of the Company of Adventurers.)
Indianapolis (Indiana): City on the Rebound
Giants of the Wilderness: Alaskan Moose

The Sahel region of Africa; prehistoric rock art in the Sahara; Hudson's Bay Company; Indianapolis; Alaskan Moose.

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National Geographic - July 1987, Vol. 172, No. 1

The Making of America (Map Series #15 of 17): Great Lakes
The Great Lakes’ Troubled Waters
At the Crossroads of Kathmandu (Nepal): New Forces Challenge the Gods (With a spiritual strength honed by centuries of isolation, the Nepalese of Kathmandu Valley have opened their lives to the secular world and its distinctly modern problems. Douglas H. Chadwick and William Thomson report.)
The Prodigious Soybean (This ubiquitous legume keeps cropping up in more places than we can imagine. Fred Hapgood and photographer Chris Johns trace its history and assess its potential to help feed a hungry world.)
They Stopped the Sea: A tide of human muscle dikes a river (In a model development project, described by its chief engineer Hans van Duivendijk, human muscle dams the Feni River in Bangladesh. Photographs by Pablo Bartholomew.)
Homeland of the Haida: Canada’s Queen Charlotte Islands (Off Canada’s west coast, Moira Johnston and Dewitt Jones record a logging controversy that both threatens and unites the remnants of a proud people fighting to save their heritage.)
Hidden Life of the Timber Rattlesnake (Herpetologist William S. Brown and photographer Bianca Lavies portray a little-known, beleaguered reptile whose habitat in the eastern United States is shrinking.)

the Great Lakes; Kathmandu, Nepal; Bangladesh; Canada's Queen Charlotte Islands; the soybean; timber rattlesnakes.

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National Geographic - June 1987, Vol. 171, No. 6

Tracking Tornadoes
George Washington’s Patowmack Canal: Waterway That Led to the Constitution (Lifelong dream of America’s first President, this “great national Work,” begun in 1785 to bind the frontier West with eastern seaports, was a first step on the way to the Constitutional Convention. By Wilbur E. Garrett, with photograp